There are projects to run WASM on bare metal.

I do agree that we tend to run a lot in a web-browser or browser environment though. It seems like a pattern that started as a hack but grew into its own thing through convenience.

It would be interesting to sit down with a small group and figure out exactly what is good/bad about it and design a new thing around the desired pattern that doesn't involve a browser-in-the-loop.

> run WASM on bare metal

Heh, reminds me of those boxes Sun used to make that only ran Java. (I don’t know how far down Java actually went; perhaps it was Solaris for the lower layers now that I think about it…)

With hypervisors and a Linux kernel doing the heavy lifting, the WASM on bare metal probably just looks a lot like a regular process. I would bet Sun did similar … minus the hypervisor.

I do miss the Solaris 10/OpenSolaris tech though. I don’t know anything that comes close to it today.

Solaris is still around, while OpenSolaris forks support Oxide endeavours.

Technically, yes. I built+ported a majority of Debian packages onto Nexenta OS but that effort (and many parallel efforts) just vanished when Oracle purchased Sun. I don't miss SVR4 packages and I never grew fond of IPS. So many open-source folk warned of the dangers of CDDL and they were largely realized in fairly short time. Unsurprisingly, #opensolaris on irc also had a precipitous drop-off around the same time.

dtrace/zones/smf/zfs/iscsi/... and the integration between them all was top notch. One could create a zone, spin up a clone, do some computation, trash the filesystem and then just throw the clone away... in very short time. Also, that whole loop happened without interacting with zfs directly; I know that some of these things have been ported but the ports miss the integration.

eg: zfs on Linux is just a filesystem. zfs on Solaris was the base of a bunch of technology. smf tied much of it together.

eg: dtrace gave you access all the way down to individual read/write operations per disk in a raid-z and all the way up to the top of your application running inside of a zone. One tool with massive reach and very little overhead.

Not much compels me to go back to the ecosystem; I've been burned once already.

I think it was far less special that advertized, so it was probably a stripped Solaris that ran a JRE hoping noone would notice. Dog slow they were at least so from my viewpoint, there was nothing magic about those boxes at all.

The Java went so far down that many early ARM cores could be placed in Jazelle DBX mode, which processed Java bytecode in hardware shudders

SIM cards and credit cards also run Java bytecode: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Card

That's the idea of the Orca app/standard: https://orca-app.dev/

"What if we made a new WASM-based platform for apps, separate from the browser?"

> ... document browser ... document reader ...

I'm going to assume you're being sincere. But even the crustiest among us can recognize that the modern purpose for web browsers is not (merely) documents. Chances are, many folks on HN in the last month have booked tickets for a flight or bought a home or a car or watched a cat video using the "document browser".

> If we think we need a more thoroughly virtualized machine than traditional operating system processes give us (which I think is obvious)...

Like ... the WASM virtual machine? What if the WASM virtual machine were the culmination of learning from previous not-quite-good-enough VMs?

WASM -- despite its name -- is not truly bound to the "document" browser.

Alan Kay on “Should web browsers have stuck to being document viewers?” and a discussion of Smalltalk, HyperCard, NeWS, and HyperLook

https://donhopkins.medium.com/alan-kay-on-should-web-browser...

>Alan Kay answered: “Actually quite the opposite, if “document” means an imitation of old static text media (and later including pictures, and audio and video recordings).”

We have, but not by choice, I miss my native apps, even though ChromeOS Platform pays the bills.

> booked tickets for a flight or bought a home or a car or watched a cat video

Would you install a native app to book a flight? One for each company? Download updates for them every now and then, uninstall them when you run out of disk space etc

I can ask the same question about every other activity we do in these non-native apps.

I have installed all them on the phone, so yes.

Unfortunely several of them are glorified webviews.

I am old enough to have lived through the days Internet meant a set of networking protocols, not ChromeOS Platform.

And on those days hard disks were still bloody expensive, by the way.

> I have installed all them on the phone, so yes.

Isn't your phone providing a sandbox, a distribution system, a set of common runtime services, etc to get these native apps functional?

You don't have to squint your eyes to realize that this thing we call "document browsers" are doing a lot of the same work that Apple/Google are doing with their mobile OSes.

You mean like Windows Store, Mac App Store, apt, yum/dnf, emerge,....?

All the OS frameworks that are available across most operating systems that don't fragment themselves into endless distributions?

> don't fragment themselves into endless distributions?

My dear Lord! In what world are you living in?

Take a look at all of the "mobile apps" you installed on your phone and tell me which of those would ever devote any resource to make a apt/rpm repository for their desktop applications.

Even the ones that want to have a desktop application can not figure out how to reliably distribute their software. The Linux crowd itself is still at the flatpak vs AppImage holy war. Mark Shuttleworth is still beating the snap horse.

The Web as a platform is far from ideal, but if it weren't for it I would never been able to switch to Linux as my primary base OS and I would have to accept the Apple/Microsoft/Google oligopoly, just like we are forced to do it at the mobile space.

In the world we build for ourselves, a worse is better mentality world.

> a worse is better mentality world.

Seems like your preferred world is the totalitarian "choose any color you want as long as it is black" one, where everything is perfectly optimized and perfectly integrated into a single platform.

> > a worse is better mentality world. > > Seems like your preferred world is the totalitarian "choose any color you want as long as it is black" one, where everything is perfectly optimized and perfectly integrated into a single platform.

Idk, I have a feeling they would be anti systemd too

I am not so sure. Both Pottering and pjmlp are German.

While I live in DACH region, my passport carries another flag.

Yep, think different.

I don't know if you are serious or just trying to evade the discussion.

Two questions:

1) What is the primary OS for your desktop?

2) Would you sincerely make the argument that a world where everyone submits to a single design (Apple-style) would be better than an "organic" world where the barrier of entry is lower, but less "optimal"?

1) Windows or macOS, depending on the project or customer provided hardware

2) Yep, the Year of Linux Desktop already happened, it is a VM hosted on 1)

(2) reads like "to be free, first you need to submit yourself to the Overlords".

I will take the minor inconvenience of having to run web apps over the dystopia you are willing to subject yourself to in the name of "optimization", thank you very much.

> The Web as a platform is far from ideal, but if it weren't for it I would never been able to switch to Linux as my primary base OS

As my old IT teacher said: you can use the browser on any OS. She also implied it requires no special skills, which is true if you are limited to the browser for the majority of the time.

So... are you saying that you are able to use Linux because all you are using is the browser?

> are you saying that you are able to use Linux because all you are using is the browser?

No, I am saying that the browsers provide a fallback for the applications that I need but do not have a native counterpart, and therefore I am not stuck with Windows or MacOS.

Without the web as a platform, I'd have to leave Linux the moment I got to a job that required Slack/Jira/Teams.

You're doing all these things with web apps also, it's just that the browser orchestrates it for you.

But for some reason this takes 20M lines of code, which creates a moat that prevents browser competition.

Any sufficiently-capable graphical application runtime* contains an ad hoc, informally-specified, bug-ridden, slow implementation of half of a web browser.

(* including every web browser)

I have wanted to try Chrome for the longest time but I cant justify overspending (you need a lot of memory for the modern web) and not being able to install half the Linux apps I would want OOTB (out of the box is a big deal for me).

I am still shocked Google has not rubbed two brain cells together and built a serious Google ChromeOS version for developers with a real desktop environment and real access to Linux, and keeping the browser as sandboxed as they have. I would spend top dollar on such a laptop. Heck it could come with an easy way to install Android Studio, and native apps for things like Hangouts or whatever they call it now.

That's literally ChromeOS now, it comes with a terminal built in and you can run any Linux apps

Without doing too much fancy stuff can I just run Zed or JetBrains IDEs?

Back when I tried to daily-drive a Chromebook Pixel it was, like, one flag in the settings app to enable Crostini and run whatever (GNU/)Linux program my heart desired, and that was many years ago; can't imagine it's gotten any harder (especially now that even Android is starting to offer similarly-turnkey Linux app support through the newfangled Terminal app).

Yes you can run them, they work well.

document browser, document reader, printed paper, paper form, return to sender... those are all in the same concept space*

"virtual machine" is clearly not

that said, i love WASM in the browser, high time wrapping media with code to become "new media" wasn't stuck solely with a choice between JS and "plugins" like Java, Flash, or Silverlight

it's interesting to look back at a few "what might have been" alternate timelines, when the iPhone was intended to launch as an HTML app platform, or Palm Pre (under a former Apple exec, the "pod-father") intended the same with WebOS. if a VM running a web OS shows a PDF or HTML viewer in a frame, versus if a HTML viewer shows a VM running a web OS in a frame...

we're still working on figuring out whether new media and software distribution are the same.

today, writing Swift, or Nim, or whatever LLVM, and getting WASM -- I agree with you, feels like a collective convergence on the next step of common denominator

* note: those are all documents and document workflows with skeuomorphic analogs in the same headspace, and newspaper with "live pictures" has been a sci-fi trope for long enough TV news still can't bring themselves to say "video" (reminding us "movie" is to "moving" as "talkie" was to "talking") so extending document to include "media" is reasonable. but extending that further to be "arbitrary software" is no longer strictly document nor media

So you are telling me I can now directly render from WASM into the viewport of the browser with a11y? Nope, then it’s still restricted to interacting with the DOM through JS or or renderings to a cavas with no a11y support or significantly worse dx for a11y because you would need to render a screen reader only document layout ontop of your actual UI, instead of just handing the browser an interaction tree and allowing it to do what is needed for screen readers.

You can write Wasm bindings to the native UI toolkit of your choice and render with that. It doesn’t have to be in the DOM.

You understand why that is exactly pointless…

I could write those exact same bindings for my language that I will compile to wasm and then use the current WASI interface, but even that is pointless because at that point I have written a native app, what good reason would I need to run it through an emulator, specifically when a modern OS is already sandboxing things.

If I am targeting the browser my above point stands, unless the DOM is already a reasonably decent API for what needs to be built(it probably isn’t, it’s the best example you can get of horrible API design in my opinion) then I will need to build something ontop of that, prime example being react.

So I need to run my code in an interpreter, having built data structures to generate a document in an eDSL, which creates other data structures, which then calls into another API, which then calls into the OS/hardware layer.

When what I want to do, is call into the OS/hardware layer directly…

> what good reason would I need to run it through an emulator, specifically when a modern OS is already sandboxing things.

One good reason would be that “Which OS specifically?” is a question with at least 4-5 mainstream answers (and even more not-so-mainstream answers). That's what motivated the push from WWW-as-a-bunch-of-interconnected-documents to WWW-as-a-bunch-of-remote-hosted-apps in the first place: to be able to develop and deliver applications without having to worry quite so much about the client platform.

WASM is in this regard analogous to the olden days of Java/Silverlight/Flash, with many of the same tradeoffs (and some of the rough edges filed down due to lessons learned around browser integration and toolchains and such).

The discussion here was building bindings for the OS layer, which means to explicitlY worry about the client platform.

When using the web I have my own issues with that platform, or more specifically using wasm in it since it is literally useless for building web based applications over JS/TS. It is being targeted more as a library platform which gets called into from JS than being an actual “assembly “ language.

>> You understand why that is exactly pointless…

I don't understand any such thing.

Modern OS sandboxing doesn't give you memory safety from Wasm's memory model or the capability-based security of WASI.

>> When what I want to do, is call into the OS/hardware layer directly…

If that's what you want to do, then I'm not sure what we're even discussing in this thread. The only safe way to run such code is with a hypervisor.

The entire point was that WASM just calls to the existing C functions, the ones you would call from literally any language.

If you care about memory safety then use a “memory safe” language that guarantees the exact same thing as what you thing WASM guarantees except without all the pointless overhead or running a sandboxed interpreter inside a sandboxed operating system process, it is actually just pointless complexity at that point.

For native development WASM gives no benefits, the only useful parts that WASM might bring literally hasn’t been standardised because it’s a real hard problem to solve and has no use in browser.

So wasm is designed for the browser and unless you only intend to embed a library in your existing JS application it is pointless because you are still restricted to the DOM.

While web apps make sense, those are pretty weak examples. Booking and buying are pretty document-based and need to run little to zero external code. The cat video isn't technically a document but upgrading a photo to a video is not a very big change and doesn't require any external code at all.

Well, that's my point. The modern purpose of the browser is for applications, and for very good reasons, namely to abstract away the OS. The problem is that the design of the browser is for documents, and is really unsuitable for applications. Applications need a UI toolkit that takes a rectangle and renders the button, whatever into it. But you can't even get a proper rectangle with DOM: a div is 100% width, which is usually not what you want, but a span is this strange thing that makes sense for text, but not for a button or slider. So everything has "display: inline-block;", which then overrides the div or span part, so that it doesn't even matter which you pick. You can't even center something vertically without doing a web search, although I guess these days you use flexbox. Flexbox at least is the equivalent of Qt or Swing's layouts.

Mind you, I think WASM is the best thing that has happened to the browser, but that's because I think the HTML/DOM is completely unsuitable for apps, and I hate developing with it so much that I won't do it, even if I have to switch careers.

I think WASM is a reasonable start to a proper virtual machine. But I think what we need is a "browser" that presents a virtual machine with a virtual monitor(s), virtual chunk of contiguous memory, virtual CPU(s), virtual networking, virtual filesystem, and basic drawing primitives, that executes WASM. The "browser" part would be that you can use a URL to point to a WASM program. The program would see itself as being the only thing on the machine (see, basically generalization of the OS process concept into a machine). The user would be able to put limits on what the virtual network can access, what parts of the OS filesystem the virtual filesystem could access, how many real CPUs (and a cpulimit) the virtual CPUs get, etc. So, sort of like a containerized Plan9. I would be happy to do this myself, but I just don't have the spare time to do it, so unless someone is willing to fund me, I'll hope someone sees this and catches the vision.

Using WASM in the web browser is a workaround.

Personally not a fan of Windows 95 in the browser, however the browser stoped being a “document reader” a decade ago it’s the only universel, sandbox runtime, and everything is moving in that direction ... safe code. WASM isnt a worst VM; it’s a diffrent trade off: portable, fast start, capability scoped compute without shiping a OS. Raw device still have their place (servers). If you need safe distribution + performance thats “good enough” WASM in the browser is going to be the future of client.

A decade ago? Gmail was launched in 2004, 21 years ago.

XMLHttpRequest was part of IE5 in 1999 as an ActiveXObject. Outlook Web team built it a year earlier.

Not to mention Java applets which is how you would do this sort of thing in the early 2000s

The browser removes the friction of needing to install specialized software locally, which is HUGE when you want people to actually use your software. Figma would have been dead in the water if it wasn't stupidly simple to share a design via a URL to anyone with a computer and an internet connection.

I can't shake the feeling that this ship has sailed and only a few got to get on it while it happened.

And this comes from someone who started with Flash, built actual video editing apps with it, and for the last 25 years build application with "it's not a web app, it's a desktop app that lives in a browser" attitude [1].

Even with Flash we often used hybrid approach where you had two builds from same codebase - a lite version running in the browser and an optional desktop app (AIR) with full functionality. ShareObjects and LocalConnection made this approach extremely feasible as both instances were aware of each other and you could move data and objects between them in real time.

The premise is great, but it was never fully realized - sure you have few outliers like Figma, but building a real "desktop app" in a browser comes with a lot of quirks, and the resulting UX is just terrible in most cases.

[1] just to be clear, there's a huge difference between web page and web app ;D

Think of it like emacs. Browsers are perfectly good operating systems just needing a better way to view the web.

That's too true to be funny!

I a 64yo fart. Started programming with machine codes. Native is my bread and butter. Still have no problems and am using browser as a deployment platform for some type of applications. Almost each thing has it's own use.

Plenty of people still want local-first apps that function offline.

Totally possible today with modern SPA technology that all major browsers support

So where are they?

Flutter?

Is Flutter an SPA framework?

Yes

You mean the convoluted enginnering exercise of service workers, in-browser proxies, and in-browser databases to simulate something native platforms don't need to care about?

Security model of web is needed to be brought to the OS.

I would argue that as soon as it was decided to include JavaScript runtime in the browser, it stopped being a plain document browser. From then on, we were just on the evolutionary path of converting it from a low capability app sandbox to a highly capable one.

But that's what they're doing. The hard part isn't the VM. The hard part is the long fought functional yet secure sandbox that a browser provides.

> functional yet secure

Secure? Debatable. Functional? Not really.

For example, try accessing a security key and watch the fun. Sure, if you access it exactly the way Google wants you to, things kinda-sorta work, sometimes. If you don't want to obey your Google masters, good luck getting your Bluetooth or USB packet to your security key.

And because you are "secure", you can't store anything on the local hard drive. Oh, and you can't send a real network packet either. All you can do is send a supplication request to a network database owned by somebody else that holds your data--"Please, sir, can I have some more?". The fact that this prevents you from exporting your data away from cloud-centered SaaS providers is purely coincidental, I'm sure. </sarcasm>

So in the name of security we just kneecap the end users--if the users can't do anything, they're secure, right? Diana Moon Glampers would be proud.

I'm not sure what any of that means but people like wasm because the web sandbox does work for many cases.

No one is saying it solves every single use case and it doesn't need to.

The problem is: even us old timers can't deny nor change the fact that operating systems have been putting up barriers to disallow running untrusted code downloaded from the internet.

Try to distribute an installer on Windows that isn't signed with an extensive EV-certificate for instance. It's scare popup galore.

Not to mention the closed gardens of the Apple and Google Stores which even when you get in, you can be kicked out again for absolutely no objective reason (they don't even need to tell you why).

> then we should be honest and build a virtualization abstraction that is actually what we want,

This is not in the interest of Microsoft, Google or Apple. They can't put the open web back into the box (yet, anyway), but they will not support any new attempts to create an open software ecosystem on "their" platforms.

Just wait until the Web finally becomes ChromeOS Platform, after the Safari barrier is out of the way.

There is no difference between a "document" and an "app". There has never been a difference between the two, it's a purely artificial distinction.

Word and LibreOffice "documents" can run embedded macros. Emacs has `org-mode`, which can call out to any programming language on your $PATH. A PDF document is produced by running code in a stack-based virtual machine. Even fonts have bytecode instructions embedded inside them that are used for hinting.

If by "document" you mean "static text with no executable bits", then only plain text files can truly be called documents. Everything else is a computer program, and has been since the dawn of computing.

I don’t think the total dissolution of a blurry boundary is a useful act. Yes, many document formats become Turing complete and run Doom eventually, but there is still a notable practical distinction between the intent to create a document interpreter versus an application framework.

the loose implication is that documents don't have access to resources outside of itself and they're somewhat static

imo when you start talking about dynamic documents the distinction starts to blur but it should be fine if it's just a few parameters that are meant to be manually updated... beyond that "document" seems like the wrong term (and tech)

those artificial distinctions are essential and perfectly practical as they can convey expectations just fine

GP is correct in that the browser has generalised to a point it has clear drawbacks for its original intended purpose, but that is just a fact of life at this point

IMO, html should have scaled back from 5.0 to the feature-set of 4, if not 3, with mass deprecations and beyond that it shouldn't be called html even if the main browsers carried on adding features and interoperable OS-like characteristics, so people could see beforehand if they were visiting hypertext documents or application sites, because certainly most of the web right now could not be reasonably called "hypertext"

but that isn't the way it was handled and tbh it was to be expected

> There is no difference between a "document" and an "app". There has never been a difference between the two, it's a purely artificial distinction.

Every distinction is artificial if you are willing to hair-split. No useful conclusion follows from this realization.

PostScript is turing complete. SVG almost got the ability to open raw network sockets. Word files were (are?) a common platform for distributing malware.

The browser became an app engine so app developers could escape the Wintel monopoly that was pretty tight in the 90's and 00's when the Internet became a thing. These days, it's so there can be apps outside of app stores.

There's been various attempts to build "Internet operating systems" that are little more than a browser (that's what Chrome OS was intended to be in the beginning I thought) but Windows and it's pre-internet legacies are so entrenched in PCs and corporate life that nothing's ever gonna change there until Microsoft makes the entirety of Windows an app.

.NET does this and nowadays you can compile most of your .NET code to machine code, it only keeps bytecode for the reflection pieces of code, but everything else is Ahead of Timed iirc basically you get all the VM benefits, and some native speeds in one go.

Basically OS developer dropped the ball. Internet caught them by surprise and few decades is apparently too short for them to come up with new appealing abstractions to fit the new environment. So browser developers took over and did just that.

Same way webdevs ate desktop app dev's lunch because they had no idea how to innovate on decade old ideas.

To sum up, no matter how well you are positioned for something on paper, if you won't do it, someone else will.

The browser has become the operating system for a while now because native OS things were too fragmented and too slow to keep pace with what people wanted.

I feel way safer using apps inside web browser than installing / executing them directly on my PC.

I'm a fan of the browser becoming a sandbox for much more than "documents". It has the most developed, flexible, and powerful UI system ever, it established numerous standards that pervade modern software development, and it's already available as one of the most cross-platform standard utilities.

If the browser sandbox is a reliable cross-platform sandbox, the potential to develop and distribute software is huge. Progressive Web Apps are awesome because you can visit the website and use it normally, and then click a button to "install" the website to your device. If designed correctly, the website can work offline. By doing this, you get free distribution, automatic updates, no app stores, an excellent platform to develop an app on top of (the browser), etc.

I think PWAs are the future, but the web platform still has some ways to go. There are numerous amazing examples of what you can accomplish with PWAs in their current state, though.

lmfao