Sorry, but this is just wrong and is the type of "accepted wisdom" that holds back construction, particularly here in the UK.
Repeat: ventilation and permeability are different things.
Yes, permeability can achieve some ventilation but it comes at the cost of:
1) Not being reliable; it is dependent on pressure deltas around the dwelling.
2) Being potentially deleterious to the fabric of the building where escaping warm air cools and water condenses on surfaces in the fabric.
3) Being wasteful of energy.
The solution is to separate the two:
1) Seal the fabric totally, bearing in mind vapour permeability. The seal should be on the warm side of the insulation.
2) Install a ventilation system which provides reliable fresh air and, ideally, exchanges the heat leaving the building with the fresh air coming in.
We can no longer rely on folksy wisdom. Let's engineer our houses.
* https://buildingscience.com/documents/insights/bsi-001-the-p...
Also check out Matt Risinger. They both have various good content on building science.
I recently added A/C cooling to a previously heat-only house, and I took the opportunity to ask the company to explain some quirks in the existing system, like how the ventilation fan in the laundry room is on the same breaker as the central heating, and had a hidden timer attached to it.
The house was built (early 1990s) with a particularly powerful vent fan in the laundry room which was on (regardless of the wall switch) a certain number of hours a day, and the forced-air system had an air intake outside the house which mixed with the return air before hitting the filter.
This was all sized such that all the air in the house would be replaced about once every 24 hours, according to WA state's VIAQ ("Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality") code.
That's all been superseded by the International Mechanical Code and International Residential Code.
* https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standar...
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIcrXut_EFA
The problem is that many retrofits don't bring in outside air into the mix and just recirculate what's already in the house. This is not current best practice.
If there is no draft, it means there is no air circulation.
The only difference is if the draft goes through HVAC vents or through unsealed doors and windows, or through walls.
If your local heaters are effective and seal controllable, there should be really no difference in many municipal settings as the heating is waste heat from electricity generation anyway. (Those cooling towers "greens" love to hate.)
Certain baseline air flow is strictly required and it is quite a lot, especially in small volumes.
Now, if you have to burn something to heat, then by all means do install a heatpipe recovery system.
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation
With the added bonus that the air can be filtered as well, instead of coming in as-in through leakage.
Modern systems (since late 80s, maybe?) have return air ducts so that you get even heating even if interior doors (e.g. bedroom doors) are closed, but older systems may only have one return vent per floor or even just a single one in the house, and depend on gaps under doors and such for return air circulation.
Bigger commercial forced-air systems have had exterior air intakes and heat exchanger systems for a while, but are pretty new for residential (I've never seen one in the wild myself).
I lived in a house built around 1985 that had one, which was R-2000 [3], so they're at least that old.
[1] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation
[2] https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/efficiency/housing/new-homes/...
South Africans are (at least historically) quite different in this respect. Everyone is cold in the winter due to complete disregard for insulation (at least, when compared to Europe). People also don't get layering. The comments about construction do hold mostly. In the warmer areas of the country usually you are cold in the winters for only a couple hours per day.
When we go overseas we tend to open all the windows. Maybe this is because we are not used to long winters.
My grandparents were experts at opening select windows in their houses to create drafts in the pre-aircon age.
There is a meme: "If a guy invites you to a braai at his home at 3am, it really is a braai."
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIcrXut_EFA
Mold is not a ventilation problem, but rather a moisture control problem. Keep the humidity down (especially with whole house dehumidifiers), and eliminate condensation points (by eliminating thermal bridging), and it goes away.
While the above video, which is from the really good channel by Matt Risinger, is a good introduction, I recommend you also check out the building science stuff put out by Joseph Lstiburek for a more science-y explanation:
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lstiburek
On the "perfect wall":
* https://buildingscience.com/documents/insights/bsi-001-the-p...
Presentation on control layer (especially starting around 15m):
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkfAcWpOYAA
Good webinar:
This sounds like one of those kinds of answers that only works with spherical cows in a vacuum.
If my shower were completely open and in the middle of the living room, perhaps. Alas, it's in a small private room that usually has the door closed while in use, and now we've circled back around to ventilation...
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ulaz3aUSZlQ
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3CRGhu8C5I
There are houses that are almost hermetically sealed, and do not have issues because they control temperature and humidity properly:
Closer to the correct definition shared amongst building scientists is to allow the passage of water vapour. Many engineers would disagree with the approach of having non-breathable walls. If you're renovating old properties you are putting a LOT of faith in your VCL if you go this route.
I like the concept of breathability personally, allied with high air tightness. But you have to use the right materials and, crucially, install it right.
* https://www.ecohome.net/guides/2316/the-difference-between-a...
However, if you're doing an air barrier, you can often get a moisture barrier "for free" nowadays. Since a lot of housing uses OSB/plywood, if you go with something like Huber's Zip System--which has a coating on it--you can save a lot on labour by only doing one pass around the house. Though you do have to seal the seems as well.
Otherwise something like the popular Tyvek will get the job generally done, but there are peal-and-sticks as well that tend to be tighter (and vent as well, like Delta Vent).
If one is okay with the cost, there's also the idea of simply closed cell foaming the entire house. :)
My house is absolutely frigid during the winter, and I got quote for resealing it. He told me that afterwards I am either going to have to leave my windows open (no thanks!) or live with mold.
I've heard that you can install vents, but can't find useful info. My grandparents had a chute vent, and it somehow became a breeding ground for flies and all sorts of ichies. Not sure why.
And short vents sound to me like an always open wondow, which just brings in the cold.
I want the insulation, the circulation, the breathability and the warmth. Is there any way to have it all?
You can also look at whole house dehumidifiers to take the water out of the air to help reduce the mold problem.
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIcrXut_EFA
Go through the archives as well. Lot's of good stuff.
He's based in Austin, TX, so needs to worry about heat and humidity being kept out, but the principles also apply for colder climate where the cold needs to stay on the outside.
Another good person is Lstiburek, and his concept of the "perfect wall":
* https://buildingscience.com/documents/insights/bsi-001-the-p...
During the lecture he mentioned the figures for CO2 concentration that led to symptoms, e.g. dizziness, sleepiness etc.
The reading at the end of the lecture showed that it was over the recommended limit, and well beyond the threshold that causes people to get sleepy and lose concentration. (I believe it was less than 400ppm at the start and thousands ppm afterwards?)
A simple demonstration using an older building crammed full of students in a closed space, but it was apparently quite impactful in showing the students how there are a lot of features of interior design architecture that aren't really addressed and are only coming to the fore recently.
I’ve attributed this to “fewer people, fewer distractions.” However, with a CO2 component... hmm.
Well, there is another project idea. Arduino with a CO2 sensor and plotting a running total. Or not displaying and instead have a “I feel productive” dial that would allow for correlation to the recorded data.
Nearly every standard rectangular building should be in actuality built with the energy efficient building design in mind, but we don't... out of simple mental oversight and in the increased cost in construction.
https://kammaliyaa.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/figure-11.jpg
Literally, we could save 20% to 30% in energy costs with every building with possibly only 10% to 15% increase in cost of construction, but we simply don't because we have no congregate valuation of resource consumption, only individual guilt.
CO2 is damaging to your body, I am not an expert in these matters however I know that much.
Becoming tired due to CO2 is in effect a minor form of gassing yourself, and during sleep high CO2 is bad for you and I would assume does not give you high quality sleep - same as alcohol makes can make you drowsy while also interrupting your sleep.
"Natural" sleepiness has none of these downsides.
Most of the claims are trivially verified true with a proper understanding of hypoxia and the effects on the brain.
Of course you want to be sleepy, but you don't want that sleepiness to be due to hypoxia because hypoxia is known to damage the brain.
The link you gave makes me think I actually have to dig through quite a few studies to find something supporting what you said (it's not on the first page, for anyone wondering), which is why I asked for direct sources.
A simple search of "hypoxia from excess CO2" brought up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercapnia, which also support the claims.
Please, for the love of god, learn to google properly: http://www.catb.org/esr/faqs/smart-questions.html
Then this must have been before 2016. Atmospheric CO2 concentration has always been higher than 400 ppm since that year.
Bigger CO leaks are extremely dangerous, many people lost their lives because of heating systems.
If you can, change to Oil Flow system with burner outside the house and far and aislated from humans. Or, if you can, electrical system. CO from gas is Really Very dangerous.
(using the word "very" is against Mark Twain's advice[1], and using the word "really" is against my own advice, but there are exceptions, here above was one)
1:
“Substitute "damn" every time you're inclined to write "very" ; your editor will delete it and the writing will be just as it should be.”
Mark Twain
ImmerseintheImmensity, Also unknown as InfimousInfinity, Also unknown as ParadoxParalax
It can integrate with HomeBridge and has a good API and unlike a lot of IOT stuff it’s well supported and stable.
Can’t seem to find the report but to be honest I stumbled on it while searching for PDFs on the subject a year or two back. (I own no stock nor have any affiliation with IQAir - just a satisfied customer - high price not withstanding).
I do belive now though that even having recreational level sensor will give you at least understanding overall co2 levels and this something we should look into more.
I founs a paper using the same sensors that measured co2 in schools. In all cases, at certain times the measurement was higher than norm. occassionally over 2000. I can now understand much better kids getting sleepy and unable to concentrate in classroom.
Paper sadly in Estonian only: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://...
The predicted number is much closer to around 650 ppm, and that's assuming no change.
In reality, things like solar technology have massively gone down in price over the last couple decades, and are only continuing to reduce in price.
We will likely see 2-3 degrees of warming, but no credible scientist is making the predictions that you seem to be making.
If there is no change in CO2 emission, then yes we might restrict the total damage to 650 ppm. But "no change in CO2 emission" doesn't mean "business as usual", it means a moratorium on all kinds of expanding industrial activity.
Not only are CO2 levels increasing, but CO2 emission rates are increasing. Hell, the first derivative of CO2 emission rate was also increasing until the past couple of years, a minor but happy development that could easily snap back. "Business as usual" means an exponential curve.
Solar powered industry is still a far-off pipe dream. Even if it only takes 30 years to replace all energy sources with sustainable alternative, in 30 years huge damage will have been done. We cannot afford to just shrug and say the problem will just solve itself.
https://www.co2.earth/images/widgets-in-site/climate-interac...
As predicted by the scientific consensus and the intergovernmental panel on climate change.
Disagreeing with them on this is no different than being a climate change denier, TBH.
The right thing to do is listen to the opinions of the experts, and this is what the experts believe and is the scientific consensus.
Though solar and other non-carbon energy sources are coming down in price, world energy needs are outpacing them. Out CO2 emissions are increasing, not decreasing. I doubt that we'll see 1000 ppm by the turn of the century, but if the "no change" projection is 650 ppm then by simple matter of inference, due to increasing CO2 output, we should be higher than that.
Why? Because if solar power and others, continue to go down in price, as they are doing now, then solar ect will be cheaper than coal.
From a purely economic stand point, countries will eventually just stop burning coal, because the alternatives are just flat out cheaper, even when you ignore the costs of global warming.
That point in time, when alternatives are just straight up cheaper than coal, isn't too far away.
The trouble is that countries are not purely rational, and do not factor in all externalities.
I have a sensor and try to keep readings low. My girlfriend isn't quite convinced though, especially in winter....
Outside is 400 globally but often 450 or more in cities. At least on my meter.
That's because the focus on energy efficiency means installing HVAC that recirculates and setting the recirculation ratio to as high as they can get away with. Before that, buildings were taking in 100% outside air to heat/cool, which was extremely inefficient but also gave no chance for CO2 to build up.
This hasn't been true since fireplaces stopped being used for heating. Even very basic furnaces, such as the coal-fired one my grandparents had in the 1940s, recirculated the air inside the house. (It was an unforced / gravity "octopus furnace", fired with soft coal, with the house temperature controlled via a damper on the chimney.) But it took its combustion air from inside, and was vented via a chimney to the outside, so the house was constantly at a very small negative pressure, and combined with the natural draftiness of prewar construction there was naturally some fresh air intake. But certainly not 100%!
I think it's the newer high-efficiency furnaces where you start to have very high recirculation ratios and consequent CO2 issues. Because they pull combustion air from outside, there's no incidental exhausting of interior air to outside (which would tend to pull in outside air through gaps in the building envelope). Great for efficiency, though.
Not a great choice if you ask me.
It does't not worth the money to live in Beijing, no matter how rich you can get there, and you can get rich there, but it simply does not worth.
Your life is more important, specially if you have kids.
But I am happy to know that Poland's air still can breath, at least, compared to India or China.
I have been in Szczecin city once, and I love Poland, and I specially love the Polish people.
Wish all good for you guys over there, and that the air gets better in the future, we need to hope.
The pressure drop requires more electricity due to more power in the pumps, making it a relatively bad trade - only heatpipe systems are worth anything.
I also remember often getting really dizzy working in my previous office, and I couldn't understand why, maybe you're on to something.
Now I'm wondering how all of that has affected my health along the years
I think very few people actually air out that much, but I've found that it's very helpful for my sleep quality to air out just before I go to bed. Airing out in the morning also helps eliminate moisture from showering, as my bathroom doesn't have a window, nor any forced ventilation.
Your anecdata has cemented it as fact(tm).
Only if you skimp on HRV system (which are cheap and works like magic).
It's lame to say it's getting worse, when it's actually getting better.
This makes them very attractive for older renovated building, which used to rely on drafts for air circulation.
Also, Panasonic makes a bathroom fan ERV for about $400, which you can find on Amazon, with two ducts, one for fresh air intake, and the other to vent the stale air, and you need to have the intake and exhaust ideally on opposite sides of the structure.
Some people use it for their basement humidity levels. It is much less expensive to run than a dehumidifier.
1- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanomami
2- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit
: There is a risk, not for the Ianomami that are somewhat numerous, but that some other in Brazil are going to Extinction soon, after the last elections in that country. Only if they could move to Denmark...Or Northern Canada, where there are Inuits too. But North Canada recently is so full of political "moon landing" deniers that they probably would not be very welcome there. But Greenland is far enough from "civilezed" people. But they will have to learn how to hunt monkeys and collect mango fruits in the north-pole.
And, most important off all, I am getting downvoted for being Not polite to xeromal, and I apologise to xeromal for this. My comment sounded like he was being discriminative or something like that, what is not true, and off course I should have found a decent way of pointing that the ideal temperature to sleep varies from person to person. And off course, I should have avoided going astromically off-topic. But will not delete the comment, to let the lesson there for myself.
Irony is really not welcome, I have to make an effort to understand that and abide by rules and follow the recommendations.
But giving or asking explanations for up or down votes is equally Not recommended and not welcome, sure.
Better to abide. Otherwise just do[1] like Bender Bending Rodriguez of Futurama.
The original quote from Bender is: "I will make my own Lunar(really on the moon) Amusement Park, whith Blackjack,... and Hookers!!!. ...Well...forget about the Blackjack...You know what?...forget about the Park too."
1- https://i.kym-cdn.com/photos/images/original/000/348/790/b3f...
This is a conversation about the levels of CO2 and how it effects a person, especially their sleep. In this part of the conversation people have started to talk about how the temperature also effects your sleep. This was a natural progression, as less CO2 needs more ventilation, and brings with it colder temperatures.
You then started talking about two groups of indigenous people in different climates. Brilliant, I'm interested in how these two groups of people sleep! You however did not talk about these people's sleeping habits (as would have been another natural progression for the conversation) but instead go completely off the topic of conversation and talk about a bunch of unrelated topics, with very tenuous links between them.
Your comment did not add to the conversation, at all. Neither has mine of course, but I hope it goes some way to explaining the unpopularity what you said.
Only see this your comment now, long time after.
But Thank You for taking your time to help me seeing those things, really.
Cheers and wish you all the good in the universe!
Thank you!
What I found:
-Just a couple of hours in a office, without ventilation spikes the co2 enough to make everyone dizzy and tired by the end of the day. Keeping eye on the meter and ventilating properly, increased everyones productivity and people werent so tired by the end of the day.
- Classrooms, with 20-30 people are as bad. co2 rises really fast and makes people dizzy. Most often ventilation is too low, as a cost saving measure.
-Closing bedroom door, sleeping alone made bedroom as bad by the morning than classroom or office.
-Main culprit seems to be our perfection with insulating and making rooms airtight. I do live in a cold climate, so having open vents or windows is not common half the year. It seems it has not been such a big issue before plastic windows or in older houses. I think it is getting worse with every new building.