Sure, once we hit 60% or so of our power from renewables we'll need to have a proper strategy for handling intermittency. But we're far from that number now.
Too meet our commitments, all natgas plants will need to be shut down or have carbon capture added by 2035. If you amortize your capital costs over 12 years instead of 50 years, that natgas plant doesn't look so cheap any more.
https://www.ge.com/gas-power/future-of-energy/hydrogen-fuele...
https://www.iea.org/reports/electrolysers
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S254243512...
And in that world, using some of your stored hydrogen or ammonia as emergy reserve makes sense, though you'd want to avoid actually using it too much as if you do then you'd probably have been better spending the money on more generation and/or batteries.
[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell
To push back on this, there is a centurys' old technology for this in hydro. There's also an emerging field of geothermal.
The Pacific Northwest (both sides of the border) has an abundance of hydropower that was installed decades ago and provides clean, reliable, baseload power.
Geothermal has its challenges, especially at utility scale where geographic location is important and not typically close to population centers. On a smaller scale it is not geographically a problem, but not as economically viable for individual homeowners. It makes more sense when a large corporate is investing in it [1].
[1] https://news.microsoft.com/2022/04/20/microsoft-redmond-camp...
Geothermal completely slipped my mind! facepalm Obviously the consensus view is that geothermal is sustainable. I have some mild concerns about how many years a installation in a non-geologically/thermally active area can run before it changes the temperature of its lithic heat sink enough to significantly reduce power output, but many installations are proving the success of the technology overall, and that's more an economic challenge (lifetime/ROI of installation) than a question of sustainability.
Unfamiliar readers have to note that here sustainable is not used in its normal meaning but in the one used by some environmentalists. Hydropower can definitely be sustained indefinitely. It does cause flooding in some area previously I flooded and disturbs fish which some people view as an issue.
It’s really hard to have a good discussion about climate change because some people constantly push unrelated agenda into the mix.
That’s absolutely not what “sustainable” means.
The difference between “renewable” and “sustainable” isn’t a fringe concept. It’s been pretty well accepted for about 55 years now.
And even in the specific meaning you are pushing, the actual impact of hydro is questionable. Until you take a die hard position that no ecosystem whatsoever should be disturbed the benefit vs loss analysis is more than compelling.
Definition #2:
> the quality of not being harmful to the environment or depleting natural resources, and thereby supporting long-term ecological balance:
I would imagine this varies, but is a much smaller problem than e.g. heating up water habitats (data center cooling) or burning fossil fuels.
Also, dams are expensive. You're looking at $2B per project, at least here, and you need to flood an immense amount of land.
Really, we should get over our paranoia and lift the artificial hurdles on nuclear so the plants can be built faster and cheaper. Or, at least in the states, bite the bullet and leverage your extensive gas fields to develop a solar industry [1]
[0] https://www.electricityforum.com/news/canada-energy-shortage
[1] https://doomberg.substack.com/p/a-serious-proposal-on-us-ene...
> increased demand over the coming years, including data centres, cryptocurrency miners and greenhouses.
Price them out. Don't give sweetheart deals to uses that aren't beneficial to the local economy. Additionally, these uses don't necessitate baseload. Crypto should be using cheap, renewable variable power sources. I'm genuinely curious what greenhouses means in this case. Heating indoor crops in the winter? Geothermal would be more effective for this. [1]
Not to mention that the dams in Washington state do account for spawning/migration and slow down flows at certain points of the year.
Earlier attempts at fish ladders saw rates as low as like 3% for certain species of fish, per ladder/dam. Even if 50% of salmon got up them, if they have to pass 5 of them on the way to the spawning ground that meant 97% of salmon wouldn't make to the spawning grounds.
Only if you refuse to consider nuclear as "sustainable", which makes no sense technically but unfortunately has a lot of political traction.
0: https://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=EA979C3CF64D8EF8C12613A...
> He was producing stool 25 to 30 times a day. With blood and mucous. His skin started cracking on his arms and legs. He became covered with boils. When he turned his head, there'd be a clump of hair left on the pillow. I tried joking: "It's convenient, you don't need a comb." Soon they cut all their hair. I did it for him myself. While I was there with him, they wouldn't, but when I left—they photographed him. Without any clothes. Naked. One thin little sheet on top of him. I changed that little sheet every day, and every day by evening it was covered in blood. I pick him up, and there are pieces of his skin on my hand, they stick to my hands. I ask him: "Love. Help me. Prop yourself up on your arm, your elbow, as much as you can, I'll smooth out your bedding, get the knots and folds out." Any little knot, that was already a wound on him. I clipped my nails down till they bled so I wouldn't accidentally cut him. None of the nurses could approach him; if they needed anything they'd call me. [After he died] They had to cut up the formal wear, too, because they couldn't get it on him, there wasn't a whole body to put it on. It was all—wounds. The last two days in the hospital—I'd lift his arm, and meanwhile the bone is shaking, just sort of dangling, the body has gone away from it. Pieces of his lungs, of his liver, were coming out of his mouth. He was choking on his internal organs. I'd wrap my hand in a bandage and put it in his mouth, take out all that stuff. It's impossible to talk about. It's impossible to write about. And even to live through. It was all mine. My love. They couldn't get a single pair of shoes to fit him. They buried him barefoot.
...
After that, in the maternity ward, the skin started coming off my hands. My veins swelled up. And I was so indifferent to everything. I didn't want to get out of bed. [Cries] I'd get to the hospital and then turn around. By then I was pregnant myself.
N.B.: The baby she was pregnant with, due to extremely rapid cellular growth, saved her from the radiation she received from performing bedside hospital care for her late husband, because the baby absorbed most of the radioactive elements. After his birth, the child Andrei died as a young schoolboy, essentially sacrificing his life for his mother, after spending half his life sick, reportedly very ill two weeks every month.
> In Belarus, very little has changed since these interviews were conducted. Back in 1996, Aleksandr Lukashenka was the lesser-known of Europe's "last two dictators." Now Slobodan Milosevic is on trial at The Hague and Lukashenka has pride of place. He stifles any attempt at free speech and his political opponents continue to "disappear." On the Chernobyl front, Lukashenka has encouraged studies arguing that the land is increasingly safe and that more and more of it should be brought back into agricultural rotation. In 1999, the physicist Yuri Bandazhevsky, a friend and colleague of Vasily Borisovich Nesterenko (interviewed on page 210), authored a report criticizing this tendency in government policy and suggesting that Belarus was knowingly exporting contaminated food. Yuri has been in jail ever since.
They do say that newer nuclear plants simply will not have a Chernobyl or Fukushima style meltdown by the way they’re designed. How to prove that conclusively - that may be tough
No nuclear plant other than Chernobyl has ever had the possibility of a meltdown like the one Chernobyl had. As I posted upthread, Chernobyl is not a good proxy for any commercial reactor that has ever been built.
Older plants do have the same decay heat removal failure mode that Fukushima has, but avoiding it is easy: don't put the backup power and switchgear where it might get flooded. (I am still surprised that the designers of that particular reactor at Fukushima missed this--particularly since other similar reactors on the same site did not.) Newer designs avoid that failure mode by having the coolant circulate by natural convection, so even with all power off, cooling flow still continues and decay heat still gets removed. This has been well understood for several decades (and US nuclear submarines have been using this capability for that long--they do it to remain quiet by avoiding the noise of coolant pumps, but the decay heat removal protection remains the same).
Anyway, if being attacked is a possibility, physical security for such plants isn't a hard problem.
Between blowing up an SMR and blowing up any number of modern chemical plants, I’d rather be downwind of the former. We don’t keep huge amounts of fissile material in modern reactor cores.
For instance, if someone dropped a sufficiently-sized bomb on a well-designed, modern nuclear power plant, would it melt down?
No. It would just shut down. A big enough bomb could potentially spread some radioactive material around the plant area, but any adversary with access to a bomb that big and the ability to deliver it anywhere they chose could do much, much more damage by targeting other places.
I mean, I may be totally misunderstanding this. I thought this is what contaminated Europe's farmland more than the meltdown itself. Am I wrong?
I'm not sure it's appropriate to just hand-wave it away. Pretty much all the farmland bombed across EU since WW2 could be used for agriculture shortly after each war ended. Whereas plenty of farmland still shouldn't be used today after being contaminated by "some radioactive material" that was spread around by Chernobyl.
There's been some renewed analysis of this with the ongoing war in Ukraine which points to situations where more modern nuclear plants could indeed still be significantly worse than wind/solar:
> Nuclear plants use a number of auxiliary safety systems, such as diesel generators and external grid connections, to keep reactors cool. Zaporizhzhia also uses a spray pond, a reservoir in which hot water from inside the plant is cooled. If those systems failed, then the nuclear reactor would heat up swiftly, triggering a nuclear meltdown.
> “The main danger here is damage to the systems needed to keep the fuel in the reactor cool – external power lines, emergency diesel generators, equipment to dissipate heat from the reactor core,” Acton said. “In a war, repairing this equipment or implementing countermeasures could be impossible. In the worst case, the fuel could melt and spread large amounts of radioactivity into the environment.”
https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/18/europe/zaporizhzhia-nuclear-p...
What contaminated the surrounding farmland was the release of gaseous fission products from the reactor due to a hydrogen gas explosion caused by the completely insane and clueless way that the plant operators were running an experimental procedure, which went out of control. That happened even before the reactor itself melted down.
As just noted, the explosion was not a nuclear explosion and did not involve a nuclear reaction running out of control; it was an explosion of hydrogen gas released inside the reactor. However, because the plant was built without a secondary containment structure (which is one key design flaw that no other country has ever built into a nuclear reactor), the explosion, since it disrupted the structure of the reactor core, released various gaseous fission products that were dangerously radioactive, over a wide area. If there had been secondary containment, the explosion and the radioactive materials would have been contained inside it and would not have contaminated the surrounding environment.
In short, there are at least two key factors that were necessary to create the Chernobyl situation that do not apply to any commercial reactor that any other country has ever built: running clueless experimental procedures on a reactor, and not having any secondary containment.
As for potential dangers from reactors in Ukraine, that's because Ukraine is a war zone. I don't think we should restrict commercial reactor construction in the US because Ukraine is a war zone. Certainly no other country in the world has restricted the building of nuclear reactors based on that kind of logic. France was invaded in WW II, but still makes the majority of its electricity using nuclear reactors today.
Chernobyl is not a good proxy for any commercial nuclear reactor. It was built by the Soviet Union for experimental purposes with a flagrant disregard for even minimal safety standards, even given the knowledge at the time. No other country has ever tried anything even remotely similar.
That said, even counting Chernobyl, the harm done by nuclear reactors per unit of energy generated is orders of magnitude smaller than the harm done by fossil fuels. [1]
> wind and solar, which carry infinitely less risk
This is nonsense. Nothing is zero risk. Per unit of energy generated, wind and solar are comparable to nuclear in terms of overall harm done. [1] In other words, they have about equal risk. They certainly do not have "infinitely less" risk.
[1] https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/death-rates-from-energy-p...
Statistically, you’re right. But the potential harm from a nuclear event is clearly infinitely greater than wind and solar. Chernobyl’s fallout restricted farming on 10,000 farms in the UK and affected 4 million sheep exceeding EU becquerel limits at the time. In the UK.
In total a land area about the quarter of the size of California was contaminated with over 37 becquerel of radiation.
Statistically, it doesn’t happen. But the risk IS THERE. Wind power can’t take half of californias agriculture out of the picture over night.
You can’t say fission and wind have similar risk at the tail ends.
Nonsense. Your posts about this are pure FUD. Chernobyl is simply not a valid case when assessing the risks of actual commercial nuclear plants.
Here's what's not: maximum risk. When something goes very wrong - and it will - the maximum damage is insane. This is why I'm against nuclear.
Oh you say, but what about this awesome new reactor, and it's got 4 domes and can withstand an earthquake and it falls into a pool of molten lava because it's on top of a volcano?
Here's the thing - you don't know what can happen. You can have the world's 2nd best army surround it and make it purposefully melt down and pollute half of europe. You can have a crazy florida christian elected by alligators and decide to pave the roads with spent fuel rods. You can have him fake all safety checks and pocket the money, till it blows up.
Your "risk per unit of energy" assumes risk is some small constant block of jello. It's not. The risk is "increased predictable risk of cancer from breathing worse air" versus "well, we didn't know a tsunami was going to hit Illinois after a lake overflowed after russia blew up their under-ocean nuclear missle sub off the coast of texas because they missed the ash tray.
Risk is not Jello. Risk is either "we're royally screwed for 10k years" or risk is "this isn't good"
Please understand that coal has irradiated tons of land too, and in a way we can't even evacuate from. The maximum damage from coal is enormous even ignoring CO2.
What you're saying is a lot of matches lit around the world is the same as a nuclear bomb going off in NYC because it's the same amount of energy released in little fireballs.
You get it - right? Do you? Chernobyl will happen again - for some reason. Imagine it happening in the middle of the US, and 1/3 of the country not being livable for 10k years. That's the maximum damage from nuclear.
France has lots of reactors. What happens when Hungary's dictator joins Russia, and sends two hundred dispursive cruise missles at 5 reactors in France? Yes, this can happen. It almost happened in Ukraine recently - have you, umm, read Any news in the last year? Big panic in all of Europe.
You don't know what can happen.
You do with coal.
We are comparing risk when something goes wrong. Your risk is.... "Don't eat more than two pounds of ocean fish per week." Chernobyl risk is 1000mi^2 is uninhabitable for 10000 years, and a radioactive cloud rained on half of Europe.
Do you remember last year when the entire EU was freaked out because the Russians were bombing a nuclear powerplant, cutting off it's coolant path, and a meltdown would have caused most of Ukraine, and half of Europe to be irradiated?
But yeah, that's the same as your fish thing. It's easy to think like that when you're on a comfortable sofa and not at risk of this. Until the political climate changes or a natural disaster happens - and then you are. But you aren't with coal. With coal, you have predictability, known ways to mitigate, and it's slow so you can adapt.
Both are bad. One is dangerous, unpredictable, and risky.
It's not the output from one plant, it's the amount you get from a big pile of coal plants versus the same amount of nuclear power, even with a very high projection of nuclear plant release.
The coal plants release radiation at a moderate speed but never stop.
> two hundred dispursive cruise missles
Lol okay dude, cruise missiles don't have to aim at nuclear plants to do the same damage.
light background radiation, present already everywhere is not the same as chernobyl (1000sqmi), where no one can live for 10000 years. i didn't think my matches example could possibly not be understood by even a talking monkey, but here we are.
a cruise missle does not damage an area of 1000 miles^2 for 10000 years. it blows up a part of a building. I have to ask - I thought the demographic here was older proffessionals. How did you find yourself here from the high school edgy teen subreddit?
Which is a fine argument. It’s just a different debate.
With this attitude towards risk, we should outlaw all energy sources. And everything else, for that matter.
> You can have the world's 2nd best army surround it and make it purposefully melt down and pollute half of europe.
I've already responded to this elsewhere in this thread. We should not be restricting what we build in the US because Ukraine is currently a war zone. (As I pointed out elsewhere in the thread, France gets the majority of electricity from nuclear even though it was invaded in WW II.)
> Your "risk per unit of energy" assumes risk is some small constant block of jello.
It does no such thing. What it does do is force people to look at the actual cumulative harms over time objectively, instead of fixating on particular one-off incidents and ignoring other long-term effects just because they take time to accumulate. If you think it's perfectly OK to kill millions of people over time by air pollution, while protesting vehemently about thousands of people killed by one particular accident and its aftermath, even though it was the only such accident over the same time period that millions of people were killed by air pollution, you are the one who has an irrational attitude towards risk.
> nothing you can do to predict things
Nonsense.
All other forms of power have killed far far far more people. But the one dramatic story is what you care about?
The solitaire story was to get people to read the book. the debate is if fission is sustainable for the environment. I talked about contaminated agriculture and how much that was covered up and missing in the statistics — people still living in contaminated land and eating contaminated food today.
“The huge numbers of people” is what I’m concerned about and why I advocate for wind and solar. I’m not in favor of the fossil fuel status quo. The radiation and pollution from coal ash and effects of global warming on agriculture are massive. But that’s not an argument for “fission is ecologically sustainable”, that’s an argument for “even though it’s not, we should still build dams and fission power plants anyways”. Which is a fine argument. It’s just a different one.
A fission disaster or attack on a fission plant can take half of californias agriculture out of the picture over night. You can’t say fission and wind have similar risk at the tail ends. Yeah, statistically it hasn’t happened, but the risk exists.
But in the real world not building nuclear power causes actual real contamination from Coal and other fuels.
You can shut down the nuclear plants after you finished your wind/solar buildout. Not before.
Not to mention a grid with only wind/solar is impossible. Nuclear is a PERFECT complement for them!
You are being your own worse enemy by opposing nuclear. The exact thing you don't want is happening because you oppose the one thing that could help.
- Energy storage
- Energy transport
- Nuclear fusion, such as ARC. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KkpqA8yG9T4&t=2414s
It's the "perfect world" people who think fission plants will never contaminate 100,000 sq. km. of farmland ever again. I'm personally okay with spending a little more money on developing storage technologies. However, I'd also like to quote myself again:
> That’s not an argument for “fission is ecologically sustainable”, that’s an argument for “even though it’s not, we should still build dams and fission power plants anyways”. Which is a fine argument. It’s just a different one.
This makes no sense if you actually believe the "Chernobyl comparison" claims you have been making. If those claims were actually true, you should be arguing for shutting down every nuclear reactor on the planet, right now. So why aren't you arguing for that? (To be clear, I would still disagree with you, but at least you would be taking a consistent position.)
OTOH, if you are reasonable enough to admit that your "Chernobyl comparison" claims do not justify shutting down existing plants, then they don't justify building new plants either. Existing plants are going to be higher risk than any new plants we build in any of the areas you have been posting about.
Not just creating energy shortages by removing fission with no backup plan for base power.
There is a difference between spending 20% more on a new storage technology over a new fission power plant, vs. 120% costs to remove something that's working and replace it with something new. That money can do a lot of good elsewhere.
But that's inconsistent with the "Chernobyl" rhetoric you have been using elsewhere in this discussion. If every fission plant is a potential Chernobyl, how can you possibly justify waiting to decommission any of them?
Of course, if you don't actually believe the "Chernobyl" rhetoric you have been using, then it makes sense that you would be reasonable about existing fission plants. But then you should also be reasonable about building new ones.
> There is a difference between spending 20% more on a new storage technology over a new fission power plant
What magic "storage technology" is this that will make it unnecessary to build more fission plants as base load power? Please enlighten me.
I think you need to improve your understanding of the basic physical facts that underlie the limitations on any "storage technology" other than fuel.
I’m pro nuclear. But I think they’re choosing the lesser of two evils. (I agree with you that replacing derelict plants with modern ones drastically improves everyone’s safety, but I don’t think they’re arguing in bad faith.)
It seems illogical to me too for "taking a long time to decommission old plants" to be a lesser evil compared to other power generation at the same time that new nuclear plants are a very large evil compared to other power generation. Those two things should be pretty close to each other. Either both should be wildly unacceptable, or both should be lesser evils, or one should be a somewhat lesser evil and the other a somewhat greater but not enormous evil.
Of course, as you point out, treating all plants equivalently like this isn’t substantiated by the data. But within that toy model, the conclusion holds.
The choice isn't between old nuclear and new nuclear. If those are the "two evils" then that's missing some important options.
Replacing is like 5 times more expensive than building alternatives in the first place. The extra money can save people/environment in other ways.
The question was: If we take it as given that we shouldn't build new reactors because they're extremely dangerous, shouldn't we just as zealous about shutting down existing reactors?
If solar is cheaper than new nuclear plants that's cool and all but doesn't change the danger levels.
Situation: We need more baseload power.
Option 1) Build a nuclear fission plant. Costs $10 billion.
Option 2) Build a combination of pumped water storage, solid oxide fuel cells, or battery storage to store excess wind and solar. Costs $12 billion.
Option 3) Tear down existing nuclear plants ($5 billion PER demolition), continue paying on their existing loans, and then build $12 billion of energy storage plus billions more additional wind and solar installation. Cost: $20 billion
For expected x lives/farmland saved, it may be reasonable to spend $2 billion more but not spend $10 billion more for the same effect. That’s not internally inconsistent, your view just doesn’t encapsulate the ability to spend the other $8 billion or so on medical advancements or environmental rehabilitation efforts or fusion development. Or it fails to acknowledge to difference in cost between decommissioning vs not building in the first place.
But you were making an argument about how unholy dangerous nuclear plants are as a reason not to build them, barely even mentioning cost. If that danger is real it should be more important than those billions. There's also a fourth option of tearing down nuclear plants and replacing them with a mixture of wind solar and coal, to mitigate that enormous danger at a reduced cost.
If the danger isn't actually enough to motivate plan 3, then you were massively overselling it. Even more so if it's not enough to motivate the cheaper plan 4.
My thesis was "I don't consider nuclear to be sustainable. Here's why I think it's not sustainable." I wasn't saying "It's worse than coal.", I wasn't even saying "There are NO circumstances under which anyone should ever build more fission plants." - - I don't particularly have a strong opinion on whether coal or nuclear are worse but offhand I suspect the answer is coal -- it's definitely in the same broad category of causing non-remediateable pollution. So I probably wouldn't suggest spending a shitload of money to replace nuclear plants with something that's at least qualitatively similarly bad like coal.
I would suggest spending 20% more to get an actually sustainable solution to baseload power. But I would understand someone who says:
- 20% is way too low, actual cost would be much more
- 20% more isn't worth the benefits vs. what else we could spend the money on
- Even if fission isn't environmentally sustainable, we should still use it instead of coal
But arguments like these will not hold any water with me:
- Fission can't possibly poison land even though it has before
- Something that will eventually poison large amounts of land if neglected for 2,000 years is "environmentally sustainable"
- Fission is better than coal so you're not allowed to claim that fission isn't "sustainable" because that makes you an opponent to progress and we have tell ourselves lies about that to make progress happen.
Nonsense. I don't know where you are getting your information from, but it's fearmongering with no basis in fact.
> new fission plants will take 20 years to build
Newer designs have shorter build times since they are simpler and can be made smaller, with more components made in factories instead of fabricated on site. And even for older designs, the 20 years is not the time it actually takes to build them; that's a few years. The rest of the 20 years is the time required to overcome NIMBY lawsuits--if that is even possible. In fact it mostly hasn't been, which is why virtually no new nuclear plants have been built in the US for quite a while. But that's a political problem, not a technical problem.
> and by then we'll have actually clean baseload energy from fusion reactors
Practical fusion has been about 20 years away for the past 40 years or so. It would be very nice if we finally get it, but I would not bank on any claims about the timeline given past history in this area.
https://www.oecd-nea.org/upload/docs/application/pdf/2019-12...
> The releases during the Chernobyl accident contaminated about 125,000 km2 of land in Belarus, Ukraine and Russia with radiocaesium levels greater than 37 kBq/m2
Land area of California: 423,971 km²
So, a third of the land area of California could be half of its agriculture affected and reach levels of radiation which trigger intervention actions in the EU. Obviously a lot of that can be remediated and put back into use in future years.
The FERC "Energy Infrastructure Update for December 2022" [1] reports that between 2021 Jan - 2022 Dec Wind and Solar additions exceeded those of Natural gas. FERC also predicts that between Jan 2023 and Dec 2025 Natural Gas will add a net amount of 511MW of generating capacity. This compares with 18211 MW of Wind and 74642 MW of Solar. These are listed as "High Probability" additions, which I've been unable to find a description for.
1. https://cms.ferc.gov/media/energy-infrastructure-update-dece...
There's a simple reason for that - it costs roughly $1 million per mile to build new transmission and requires lawyers and real estate people working in multiple jurisdictions. Only the largest of utilities are able to afford this investment and commit the required resources.
Even that's not enough - you still need to solve the so-called Community Energy Storage problem. You need a buffer between the generation and consumption of power so that they can vary from one another. That's even more investment.
Not necessarily: (ultra) high-voltage DC transmission lines have losses in the low single digit percentage per 1000km (~600mi).
This is not just theoretical either - for example, there is a transmission line over 3200km/2000mi with 12GW capacity in China for example (not under construction either but completed).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-voltage_electricity...
It also doesn't have the same distribution problems
We should definitely be breaking ground on more nuclear plants in more stable (geographically) locations. I'm less convinced that current solar tech is a better net good considering what goes into building the things. I have similar reservations on electric cars for that matter. I think the tech is very cool and we will go through a lot of revisions.
Of course I also have some skepticism on the eminent dangers of global warming or man's influence in part or whole. Considering there are relatively recent times (about 3-8k years ago) where the understood earth temperature was a bit higher than even the projections for the end of the next couple centuries at worst.
Edit: and I'm still waiting for the flying cars I was promised.
You store excess energy in the form of hydrogen from electrolysis for that need. Rapid reductions in cost is making this inevitable. You can even convert existing natural gas plants to run on it. It is far and away the simplest and smartest solution for this problem.
IMO, this is the next intellectual showdown between people who have recognized the rapidly dropping cost of green energy technologies and its naysayers. We went through multiple years of what was basically outright denial over the cost of wind and solar. Even after they become cost-effective, certain people still denied it. Hydrogen is in the same boat. It is already at the point where it is competitive, and is only held back by people in outright denial.
Do you have more on this? I thought hydrogen generally required special treatment given its tendency to ruin metals.
We will see blended gas turbines first, with gradual shifting to 100% hydrogen. It's likely that at least some components have to be replaced in order to allow for pure hydrogen combustion.
Right now there's no sustainable source for baseload power. Perhaps SPARC/ARC will change that in 20 years, or perhaps continuing advances in energy storage will let us store excess energy while the sun shines and the wind blows and use that stored energy as reliable baseload power.
Wind power is really cheap. Electrical utilities are now comfortable with it and don't consider it an experimental technology. The profit margins are quite healthy. As soon as there's an economically profitable way to store 120 hours of regional electricity usage, most utilities will jump towards that over continuing to buy expensive fuel for their current baseload plants. Right now the marginal costs of natural gas and coal power are cheaper than energy storage, and the service / operational risks are well known and well-controlled vs. the scary operational unknowns of advanced energy storage solutions. Not talking about environmental risks; utility companies don't really give a damn about those, even if a lot of their employees personally do.