[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)#Religious_...
As these people (according to all the currently most accepted archaeological and linguistic evidence) are the ancestral culture of most of Europe, Iran, and India (with the exception of the native Dravidians), it makes sense the Greeks as well as most of the religions of Europe and southwest Asia also worshipped him.
> also Juppiter, c. 1200, "supreme deity of the ancient Romans," from Latin Iupeter, Iupiter, Iuppiter, "Jove, god of the sky and chief of the gods," from PIE dyeu-peter- "god-father" (originally vocative, "the name naturally occurring most frequently in invocations" [Tucker]), from deiw-os "god" (from root *dyeu- "to shine," in derivatives "sky, heaven, god") + peter "father" in the sense of "male head of a household" (see father (n.)).
Greek and Sanskrit also had similar deities:
> Compare Greek Zeu pater, vocative of Zeus pater "Father Zeus;" Sanskrit Dyaus pitar "heavenly father."
Basically the Greeks dropped the `-pater` bit and `Zeus` remained.
Whether or not these deities were similarly associated with the planet Jupiter is a different question though.
Very doubtful, those names are modern applications to the planet. Although, there is zero doubt they were aware of and cognizant of the visible planets and their motions and no doubt had important names for them, it wasn't what western astronomers called them, almost certainly.
Also Dyaus Pater was a god of the daylight sky for the most part, which in the steppes, as you can imagine, made him pretty important and omnipresent.
It's possible that the Yahweh vocalization has been influenced by the Roman Catholic church in order to "romanize" christianity
Do you have any suggestions for reading material (ideally academic in book form) that covers the archaeological and/or linguistic reconstruction research in depth?
Though the research is a tad dated since we have more genetic evidence since it was written, and there are many disputes about the author's assertions about the timing of the advent of horse riding, it still stands up very well. AFAIK the genetic research made since the book's publication has only strengthened his archaeological and linguistic arguments.
https://www.amazon.com/Suns-God-Krishna-Buddha-Unveiled/dp/1...
And the Proto-Indo-Europeans are not the Aryans - the Aryans were a much later daughter culture in Western Afghanistan, Northern Iran and India, and probably the folks that had the beliefs outlined in the first pages of the Rig Veda.
The steppe people I am referring to are the people of the Yamnaya culture and related peoples within their horizon. The Mongols and Turks were relative late comers to the western steppes.
('Aryan' is cognate with the proto-Indo-European 'h₂éyos')
As an aside, I recently discovered (from my new Iranian neighbors) that the term "Aryan" is cognate with "Iran" the country. "Iran" in Persian means something like "Land of the Aryans", and that in 1935 the government of Iran asked its diplomatic partners to refer to it as Iran instead of Persia because of the popularity of Aryan racial ideologies.
ok but the world-wide "suppress melanin/blue eyes" gene emerged in that same part of the world (north of the Black Sea) some 10,000 years ago, so it seems that the Aryans could have been as blue eyed as anybody.
https://web.archive.org/web/20091101055254/http://www.telegr...
And they certainly weren't the 'Aryan ideal' as pictured in racist propaganda.
Here are the names of the days of the week and their associated planets (and the old norse gods that give them their English names, as you list them too):
Monday --> Moon (Moon's day)
Tuesday --> Mars (or Tyr's day)
Wednesday --> Mercury (Wodan's day)
Thursday --> Jupiter (Thor's day)
Friday --> Venus (Freya's day)
Saturday --> Saturn (duh)
Sunday --> Sun (and duh)
Saturn
Jupiter
Mars
the Sun
Venus
Mercury
the Moon
The hidden detail is that the ancients regarded the luminaries as "ruling over" an hour of the day. Each day took the name of the luminary that ruled over its first day. So the first luminary, Saturn, the furthest from the Earth, ruled over the first hour of the first day of the week, which for the ancients was Saturday. The second luminary, Jupiter, ruled over the second hour and so on, for all 24 hours in a day, in a repeating cycle.
Since there were 7 luminaries, the cycle repeated three times in each 24-hour day, with 3 hours left over. When a new day began, the luminary that ruled over its first hour was the luminary three over from the one that ruled over the first hour of the previous day. So the day ruled over by the first luminary, Saturn, Saturday, is followed by the day ruled over by the luminary three over from Saturn, the Sun: Sunday.
To mess things up even more, the ancients had a second, "dark" day, and a dark week, where the days were named by the luminary that ruled over the first hour of nighttime (where the ordinary days were named after the luminary ruling over the first hour of daylight). So for instance, when the "light day" was Thursday, the "dark" day was Monday. The dark week starts on the 13th hour of each day (the 13th hour from sunrise). I have no idea how the ancients managed daylight savings time :P
Anyway our days of the week have a tinge of ancient astrological magic to them. Remember that to the ancients, astrology and astronomy were still the same thing. Our knowledge became more practical as time went by and less magickal. Or, like I like to say, we finally found a magic that works.
But just some romance languages. Portuguese does not.
The mostly forgotten proto-Germanic god Tyr's name however is cognate with Zeus, Jupiter, Dyaus, and the other sky father gods.
https://www.ancient-literature.com/are-zeus-and-odin-the-sam...
Sometimes, we do use the Doppler shift caused by a planet pulling the star towards or away from us. That works as long as the orbital plane is not perfectly perpendicular to us. However, it only works for large planets (and reasonably sized stars) that have sufficient gravity to make the star move fast enough to see the light shift red or blue. An earth-mass planet would be undetectable compared to a Jovian planet.
The transit method requires the orbital plane to be perfectly on axis so we can observe an eclipse as the planet passes between the star and our telescope. This is rare, but works for even small planets, as long as the angle is right. And if one angle is right, it's likely that others will be close enough as well; a large planet can also be observed. In systems that are at the right angle, Kepler often found several planets:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_...
It's also of not: if earth hadn't been hit by at least some asteroids, it mightn't have any water.
Relevant quote,
> The flip side of the coin is also true, however — for an object to threaten the Earth, it first has to have an Earth-crossing orbit. Were Jupiter absent, there would be far fewer short-period comets, and it is likely that the asteroid belt would be far less heavily stirred, though it is also true that, without Jupiter, the asteroid belt would no doubt look very different! Every encounter between a small body and Jupiter is random — it throws objects inwards as well as outwards, and can just as easily place objects onto an Earth-crossing orbit as it can remove them from these orbits. Therefore, it is clear that at least some of the objects that hit the Earth would not have done so, had Jupiter not played a role.
> Whether Jupiter acts as a friend or a foe comes down to the balance between the two effects discussed above — does Jupiter provide more of a shielding effect, or is the contribution to the terrestrial impact flux so enhanced by the objects it throws our way that this outweighs its defensive work? In order to examine this balance, we are in the process of a series of detailed integrations, following the behaviour of hundreds of thousands of potential impactors in a range of theoretical solar systems. Given that there are three reservoirs of potentially hazardous objects (the Oort Cloud, the Edgeworth-Kuiper belt, and the asteroid belt), our study will be looking at each of these reservoirs in turn.
It is currently unclear whether the net effect is harmful or beneficial. But what we do know is that the fact that we are dyadic system (i.e. our moon is arguably the size of a planet - and we exist in a pair with it) has protected us during Sol's younger and more active days. More specifically it protected us from ending up like Mars with a stripped away atmosphere. This hypothesis is fairly well studied and is held to be very likely to be true.
Our moon, along with Jupiter, may also act as interference for the Earth w.r.t. Earth-crossing asteroids. There are arguments against this because of the smaller size of the Moon, but there are also some analyses for this - given that the asteroids are affected by the Moon's gravity, and even though the Earth-Moon Barycentre lies within the Earth, the combined system may afford some protection. (i.e. asteroids are more likely to have more near misses given the displacement of the barycentre from the centre of the Earth). But this is a guess, and more study is needed.
Papers,
When the Moon had a magnetosphere - https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abc0865
The timeline of the Lunar bombardment - revisited. - https://arxiv.org/pdf/1801.03756.pdf
The Late Heavy Bombardment in The Inner Solar System: Is there Any Connection To Kuiper Belt Objects? - https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.61...
Bashing holes in the tale of Earth’s troubled youth - https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-01074-6
Perhaps from some of the fundamentalist sects, but unlikely from the liberal mainline branches; we'd recognize "Jupiter" as referring to the planet, not the Roman name of the Greek mythological Zeus.
Jupiter is thought to be one of the reasons earth is so hospitable, with its high gravity protecting inner planets from some comets and space debris [1].
I, for one, think we need a Jupiter appreciation day.
https://earthsky.org/space/is-it-true-that-jupiter-protects-...