The narrative of Germany’s dirty Energiewende rests on the idea that renewables could not live up to their promise to fill the gap of retiring nuclear reactors. Consequently, that gap needed to be closed by power generation from coal.
But if we look at the figures we get quite a different picture. The yellow line in Figure 2 above depicts how the amount of electricity from nuclear declined from 2000 to 2014. Due to the decommissioning of old plants, nuclear power had been declining steadily. When the German government decided on the phase-out, in 2011, some nuclear power stations were shut down immediately and the output went down more quickly. Afterwards, the steady decline continued once more.
The green line shows the steady rise of renewable energy in the same period. In 2011, more electric energy was provided from renewable sources than from all nuclear facilities. In 2014, renewables achieved a share of approximately 29% in total electricity generation. So renewables have substituted the falling nuclear production in terms of total annual power generation and are very likely to continue doing so until 2022 when the last nuclear plant will be shut down.
[1] https://reneweconomy.com.au/the-myth-of-the-dark-side-of-ger...
(I would encourage you to read the whole thing).
I was waiting to get to the place in the article where they acknowledge that Germany could have kept their 50 TWh of nuclear online and cut coal by the same amount - a reduction of 20% - but I guess that wouldn't fit in to the narrative they're trying to spin, because they completely ignored der Elefant in das Zimmer.
> Both effects – the drop in coal and CO2 allowance prices – have made coal an extremely profitable fuel for power generation. Notably, both developments happened in 2011, the year of the nuclear phase-out.
Germany could easily have counteracted this with public policy.
You can't take a post mortem of the effects of government heavily influencing energy policy, then throw up your hands and say "ah, capitalism, what can we do" when it's convenient.
You: Article in fact states that if nuclear were kept online, coal would still be profitable to export
Me: This could have been prevented by public policy
You: Yes, it could have. I don't understand your point, perhaps because English is not your first language (Edit: now deleted)
The linked article also states the aim of the Energiewende has always been to transition away from both coal and nuclear (fission at least) to 100% sustainable energy production.
The problem of the "Energiewende" is that the highly volatile wind/solar output can not supply the base load without massive buffer storage. The technology for that storage does not exist. Only nuclear, coal or the more expensive natural gas can supply the base load.
What actually makes the whole charade work is that Germany dumps surplus electricity (at a loss) during peak times and then imports what's missing during down times from other countries (for example the highly nuclearized France). If all the neighboring countries did what Germany does, it couldn't work.
Which does the same. France imports electricity in high demand times (winter) or low production times (hot summer weeks, maintenance, ...).
France dumps cheap nuclear on its neighbor countries in times of surplus production because of low demand.
https://www.montelnews.com/en/story/france-supply-risk-as-nu...
That is wrong. Base load is the minimum demand of electricity at any given moment over a time span. The base load that a wind turbine without buffer storage can supply is zero. The same goes for solar, obviously. The vast majority of renewable energy in Germany happens to be wind, its storage and transport remains the biggest (and unsolved) challenge.
It's not 'unsolved' - it's just that it was economically not useful nor necessary nor wanted to store wind electricity in larger scales and this might be the case for another decade. Then we will see more storage coming online.
I live in Northern Germany with some possibility for higher wind electricity production. To store that one way is to build HVDC lines to Norway to store the excess electricity there as hydro power. One line is currently under construction and another one has been planned. The Netherlands is operating such a line to Norway since 2008.
Additionally inside Germany there is more delivery of wind-generated electricity to the south of Germany planned.
It's not 'unsolved' in the sense that we don't know what to do. It's just that storage needs are just starting to increase. Similar to PV solar technology - without a market no investment. Without investment, no market. Germany jump-started the PV solar market with its investments due to Renewable Energy Law. We will see similar effects in the coming decades for storage.
The whole thing wasn't economically useful or necessary from the very beginning, otherwise it wouldn't have needed massive subsidies that made Germany have the most expensive electricity in Europe.
> It's not 'unsolved' in the sense that we don't know what to do. It's just that storage needs are just starting to increase.
You don't know what to do. The storage requirements are massive:
https://www.oulu.fi/blogs/how-much-storage-does-the-energiew...
Think about it, if you did know what to do, why aren't all the politicians pointing to some clear-cut roadmap on how to achieve the goal, using all the great engineering prowess that Germany is famous for?
That's your claim. Enough people here have been thinking the opposite.
> otherwise it wouldn't have needed massive subsidies that made Germany have the most expensive electricity in Europe.
Actually Germany a) does not have generally the most expensive electricity in Europe - check out industry prices for electricity in Europe.
If you followed recent protests in France, then you have seen that is also about higher energy prices for the public - which has been kept artificially low so far.
https://www.euractiv.com/section/electricity/news/yellow-ves...
b) its also useful to make energy expensive - it helps to keep energy consumption low and the money gets invested back into modern infrastructure, research&development, build-up of new industries, ...
> The storage requirements are massive
That's a very shallow study about a non-goal (100%). A more detailed study from 2013:
https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin2/Projekte/2013/s...
a shorter english version
https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin2/Projekte/2013/s...
The current big picture of the Energiewende for 2030...
https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin2/Projekte/2017/B...
Agora Energiewende is by no means a neutral organisation, with even proponents of green energy repeatedly criticizing agora for deliberately “making false assumptions out of unambiguous datasets”. [1]
[1] “Aus zum Teil eindeutigem Datenmaterial werden falsche und zudem nicht im Einklang mit bisherigen politischen Aussagen und Zusicherungen stehende Schlüsse gezogen.” https://senertec-center-nrw-sued.de/File/MR%207b_Stellungnah...
Instead of trying to understand what the study describes (which is not 'data') you attack their so-called 'political alignment'. Then you deflect it to a totally different topic.
> Agora Energiewende is by no means a neutral organisation.
There are no neutral organizations. The goal of the foundation is well documented.
https://www.agora-energiewende.de/en/about-us/agora-energiew...
> even proponents of green energy
B.KWK Bundesverband Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung e.V. are proponents of cogeneration - which is a technology independent of 'green energy' and widely used with fossil-fuel or nuclear power plants.
The Bundesverband KWK is lobbying about lots of money - often for gas-powered power plants - while there was pressure from the EU to reduce/remove the special treatment by the German government.
That's only fair to say, therefore you must not mind me quoting some facts highlighted by "the other side":
"From the viewpoint of security of supply, so far wind power in Germany has replaced conventional power plant output of no more than 150MW. For comparison: In terms of the stability of the electricity grid in Germany, a power plant capacity of about 77,000 to 82,000 MW is required at the time of the annual peak load, which can occur usually on a late afternoon on a day in the period from November to February and is not known in advance"
https://docs.wind-watch.org/VGB-Windstudie-2017-Teil-1-EN.pd...
Your source just doesn't really deal with base load at all, even though that's the giant pink cigar-smoking elephant in the room. It can't be taken serious. It's starting with a premise ("Energiewende" is necessary) and works its way backwards, carefully avoiding to deal with the real issues. It's implying significant technological breakthroughs coming out of left field. It's all supposed to happen with taxpayer/consumer money, thrown around like candy. There's profiteering everywhere, lots of PR and lobbying, lots of moral grandstanding. In that environment, I can almost guarantee you, the money will be in the wrong hands. It won't be there when the real opportunities appear.
You can actually find zillions of studies/articles discussing this problem and proposing various scenarios.
Thanks for mentioning it, but that problem is well known and widely discussed.
That's common sense. If something is both economically useful and necessary, it finances itself. You don't need subsidies at all, at most you need loans.
> Enough people here have been thinking the opposite.
So what? If "enough people" believe in Santa Claus, does that mean he'll all bring us presents on Christmas?
> Actually Germany a) does not have generally the most expensive electricity in Europe - check out industry prices for electricity in Europe.
Yes, industry is exempt because of lobbying. If industry had to pay those horrendous prices, it would damage Germany's competitiveness. Therefore, more to pay for the average citizen.
> If you followed recent protests in France, then you have seen that is also about higher energy prices for the public - which has been kept artificially low so far.
First of all, France has the cheapest electricity in all of Europe. Those protests were sparked by a "green tax" on fuel. I don't know what your point is, but it sounds like "green policy causes civil unrest in France". It's not helping your argument.
> That's a very shallow study about a non-goal (100%).
Fine, you may rely on 20% fossil fuels and maybe you'll be able to reduce the required storage cost from "absolutely infeasible" to "monumentally expensive". All to the end of removing a smidgen (less than 1%) from global CO2 emissions. The rest of the (developing) world isn't going to follow suit with that kind of pretentious nonsense.
> A more detailed study from 2013
That's all projections on what should happen, based on lots of ifs and maybes. It's utterly useless.
That's an illusion, especially in the energy sector. It has been for decades.
> France has the cheapest electricity in all of Europe.
Because the costs are hidden and paid by the tax payer. The energy industry is mostly state owned and the price is political. That makes it not possible to charge the consumer with the real costs (like finding billions for the aging and expensive nuclear reactor fleet or for replacing them with newer reactors) - any president trying to do so would and does face mass protests. Additionally, the industry would be dead in a second if the government wouldn't finance the costs and hide it from the consumer.
One can see how this works in the UK with EDF's reactor:
"If Hinkley really comes on stream by 2025 as planned, it will sell electricity at a guaranteed price that is double the current market level, with the excess cost passed to every UK consumer"
https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/01/an-energy-crisis-is-loom...
That's the future of France...
> The rest of the (developing) world isn't going to follow suit with that kind of pretentious nonsense.
Actually quite a lot of countries are.
It's not an illusion, it's the basis of the economy. If something is known to be both useful and necessary, there is a profit to be made and capital will be allocated to it. That's the financial side. Of course for the energy sector there are lots of ideological, environmental and political concerns that need to be dealt with for things to actually happen.
> Because the costs are hidden and paid by the tax payer. The energy industry is mostly state owned and the price is political. That makes it not possible to charge the consumer with the real costs (like finding billions for the aging and expensive nuclear reactor fleet or for replacing them with newer reactors) - any president trying to do so would and does face mass protests.
Hard to ascertain. If it was really that unprofitable to produce nuclear energy compared to the (clean) alternatives, France could just build the alternatives. After all, the state foots the bill either way, unlike a private company that can just go bankrupt and not clean up their mess.
> One can see how this works in the UK with EDF's reactor:
> "If Hinkley really comes on stream by 2025 as planned, it will sell electricity at a guaranteed price that is double the current market level, with the excess cost passed to every UK consumer"
Yes, but the "current market level" is lower because of fossils, not because of renewables, which also need heavy subsidy. You can't have your cake and eat it too. If we're just arguing about market price, then clearly coal is the winner.
> Actually quite a lot of countries are.
None of the countries that really matter (have a significant share in CO2 emmissions) are.
Maybe in a simple model of capitalism.
> Of course for the energy sector there are lots of ideological, environmental and political concerns that need to be dealt with for things to actually happen.
Example: no one invests in a nuclear power plant - unless the state insures the thing, finances (incl. all the costs that come from technological and construction problems) the thing all through from inception to research to design to construction to bringing it online AND (!!!!!) creates the economic conditions for profits to be made (like dictating prices, reducing competition, financing all costly technological and construction risks, providing cheap infrastructure, ...). -> Example: currently the UK.
The energy sector it's very different from selling beans to consumers.
> France could just build the alternatives
But it hasn't. France has built nuclear for many reasons - for example France is a country with nuclear weapons and thus has an interest in nuclear technology. There is also an ideological trend to large state-driven/owned technologies.
Now France is looking to expand its share of renewables - while at the same time trying to find hundreds of billions for their reactor fleet.
> After all, the state foots the bill either way, unlike a private company that can just go bankrupt and not clean up their mess.
That's not how it works in the energy landscape. Check out TEPCO. The Japanese state does not let it die.
> None of the countries that really matter (have a significant share in CO2 emmissions) are.
You are shifting the goal post all the time. If enough countries do it (for example in the EU), then it matters.
You may call it capitalism, but even the birds and the bees "understand" the concept of investing now for future gains.
> Example: no one invests in a nuclear power plant - unless the state insures the thing, finances (incl. all the costs that come from technological and construction problems) the thing all through...
That's just not true, lots of private capital has financed reactors before. Note that I never claimed that nuclear reactors are economically sensible (especially counting in disasters), but that if they were they would finance themselves. Indeed, there's a lot of hard-to-calculate risk in a nuclear reactor, which is bad from an investment standpoint.
> But it hasn't. France has built nuclear for many reasons - for example France is a country with nuclear weapons and thus has an interest in nuclear technology.
So what? The U.S. has the one of the largest nuclear arsenals in the world, yet they barely do nuclear at all.
> There is also an ideological trend to large state-driven/owned technologies.
So why don't they build giant state owned wind turbines?
> That's not how it works in the energy landscape. Check out TEPCO. The Japanese state does not let it die.
Whatever they do, the company isn't going to (be able to) pay the bill, unless they're not in fact bankrupt.
> You are shifting the goal post all the time. If enough countries do it (for example in the EU), then it matters.
Not really. Which countries are you talking about? The EU makes up maybe 10% of CO2 emissions and a big part of that isn't related to electricity. Think of all the research you could fund with the money spent on that forced premature rollout of renewable energy in Germany. Think of all the money that still needs to be spent to make it work. Think of what you actually achieved in terms of CO2 goals, so far. It's an absolute embarrassment.
Mostly not. For example France's reactors were 100% state financed and state owned. Incl. the electricity distribution and the building company (Areva).
In Germany the whole nuclear industry was state directed and the power plants were belonging to a few companies - with electricity companies being 'forced' by the government to invest in nuclear electricity production. The whole research around nuclear technology (fuel production, reactor technology, storage, ...) was state financed. The electricity companies were given huge distribution areas where they had a monopoly without any competition. Politicians were given well-paid jobs in the industry.
> economically sensible (especially counting in disasters), but that if they were they would finance themselves
The reality shows the opposite. See the UK: nuclear power does not finance themselves by market mechanisms. The financing is set up by the government and there is no market. To build them is a political decision and the UK government sets the market accordingly. Well, it tries to.
> So what? The U.S. has the one of the largest nuclear arsenals in the world, yet they barely do nuclear at all.
What does it have do with France what the US does?
> unless they're not in fact bankrupt
They are not bankrupt while they get more government money.
> Think of all the research you could fund with the money spent on that forced premature rollout of renewable energy in Germany.
There is lots of money spend on research in Germany ... nut now much more on renewable energy. The research was already instrumental to bring PV prices down and make the technology applicable on a large scale. The impact of that was far beyond Germany.
> Think of all the money that still needs to be spent to make it work.
Well invested.
>Think of what you actually achieved in terms of CO2 goals, so far. It's an absolute embarrassment.
It's not. The Energiewende is not about short-term CO2 reductions.
It's a broad long-term project to switch the energy landscape to renewable energy - starting with electricity, starting with getting rid of nuclear power. Coal is next. It has a five decade horizon.
Doesn't matter. Your claim, as written, was wrong.
> The reality shows the opposite. See the UK: nuclear power does not finance themselves by market mechanisms.
Again, I didn't say that it would. I said that anything that is economically sensible finances itself, pretty much by definition. I didn't say nuclear power is sensible and I didn't say that it finances itself.
> What does it have do with France what the US does?
If your explanation doesn't generalize to the US, then it is wrong. You might as well say France builds nuclear reactors because it is France. You only need a single reactor to build a nuclear arsenal, so having an interest in nuclear weapons is no explanation for why France (or any other country) would invest in building out lots of civil nuclear infrastructure.
> They are not bankrupt while they get more government money.
You are supporting my thesis. Go back and read it. It's about a private company, contrary to a state, being able to relieve itself of the bill. That's exactly what's happening here, whether Tepco is formally bankrupt or not.
> There is lots of money spend on research in Germany ...
Way to miss the point...
> The Energiewende is not about short-term CO2 reductions. It's a broad long-term project to switch the energy landscape to renewable energy.
What's the point of switching electricity to renewables if not CO2 reduction? There's enough coal for hundreds of years.
> Coal is next.
Good Luck with that.
And on the question of the definition of base-load, it was originally defined in terms of supply (production). Yes, the meaning has spread to demand but the idea that base-load demand must be supplied by 'base-load' power plants such as coal or nuclear is a piece of sophistry that quickly dissolves when it is examined closely. Just one reason being that their supply is not guaranteed (as I have described above).
[1] https://medium.com/@TheAustraliaInstitute/gas-coal-power-has...
There are plenty of good places for turbines in Victoria such as near "Windy Warrnambool". At around 38° south it gets nearly constant westerlies.
Yes, but it's a fraction of total output and it's nowhere near enough to supply the actual base load.
> Yes, the meaning has spread to demand but the idea that base-load demand must be supplied by 'base-load' power plants such as coal or nuclear is a piece of sophistry that quickly dissolves when it is examined closely. Just one reason being that their supply is not guaranteed (as I have described above).
What quickly dissolves into sophistry is the idea that wind energy is remotely comparable to coal or nuclear in terms of supplying base load. Yes, an individual coal plant doesn't have 100% reliability, but it's still massively less volatile than wind.
> [1] https://medium.com/@TheAustraliaInstitute/gas-coal-power-has....
Okay, let's look at Australia: https://reneweconomy.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Disap...
What's that big grey part that is "dispatchable"? It's mostly natural gas, which Australia has plenty of (7% of exports), but Germany would need to import. Australians can pat themselves on the back for not using any more coal in the grid, but they still ship it off (16% of exports) for someone else to burn it.
If you just look at the graph you'll see that dispatchable makes up almost 100% of base load during significant periods of time. Do the math on how many batteries and how much pumped storage you would need. It's simply not happening without fossils.
Australia uses natural gas so it can pull down CO2, but the coal is still exported and burned by someone else. It's a wash. Germany only has coal. If storage was feasible they wouldn't be standing there with their pants down on their CO2 goals. They would've built the best batteries and storage pumps the world knows.
Only if you disregard the fact that that the sun doesn't shine at night.
Only if you disregard the fact that 'solar' can mean one or both of photovoltaic cells and solar thermal (which peaks around sunset and carries on producing power into the late evening).
[1] https://www.rosalux.de/profil/es_detail/KWR6NOICIU/conrad-ku...
Doesn't that count as ad hominem too?
As a German, I can assure you, when someone (outside of universities or leftist circles) talks here about the „Communist party“ no one thinks DKP or MLPD or whatever. They think die Linke.
Lest not for the fact that it is the direct descendant of Eastern Germany‘s communist ruling party.
As a German I can assure you that from within leftist circles no one would think of Die Linke as a communist party . They'd rather think of KPD but that party is not existing anymore so I went with the least fringe party that actually has some kind of consensus on communist ideas. Everyone I know who is affiliated to Die Linke is aiming for socialism and doesn't support any communist tendencies. From what I read and heard the same holds true for a majority of party members.
I know that parts of the general public don't recognize that or don't care, which is probably due to the usual disproportional media coverage for more extreme wings of less politically centered parties, but that doesn't change the real circumstances and I really don't get how the public opinion would be an argument against a factual statement.
I understand that your message wasn't supposed to be nuanced but just let me clarify it then, would you?
> government was great at missing even the most conservative goals on basically anything
The share of electricity from renewable energy has surpassed any goals so far.
AFAIK what proponents of the German „Energiewende“ are often referring to are sometimes just superficial headlines or positive datapoints cherry picked out of a study that itself draws negative conclusions or fails to come to a postive result.
The most prominent in the last years were those PR stunts, that claimed Germany is exporting more energy than it is consuming. Which frankly adds injury to insult. Because the only reason Germany is doing that is that otherwise its energy grid would collapse.
Renewables (in Germany) produce energy in fluctuating rates and aren‘t suited to serve the base load. Excess energy can’t be saved so it has to be (by law) dumped somewhere, which usually means our neighbor countries. They in return, being annoyed by repeatedly having their grid brought on the brink of collapse by us started to install equipment on their borders to basically „emergency stop“ these shenanigans and cut-off our grid if they have to.
Apart from the diplomatic „upside“ another side-effect said PR stunt is spin-doctoring is the fact that everytime we have to dump energy the prices go down. They even go negative. That sounds nice, but none of the German consumers will get these prices on their energy bill (if they did, they might increase consumption in those times, alleviating the grid’s pain...).
It effectively means, that Germany pays other countries to take their (heavily tax-payer funded) excess energy. Which alas, gives us said PR stunt.
Anyways, I honestly would be interested in your data that proves the „surpassing [of] any goals so far“.
No one claims that. What is claimed and what is actually correct is that Germany exports more electricity than it imports.
> They in return, being annoyed by repeatedly having their grid brought on the brink of collapse
Contrary to popular myths the German electricity grid is one of the most stable in the world.
https://energyathaas.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/gt.jpg
> Excess energy can’t be saved
There isn't much excess electricity from renewable energy. What we have are is a situation where coal / nuclear are exporting their electricity and are not willing or able to reduce their energy production enough.
Note also exporting and importing electricity is nothing bad. We will see much more electricity exchange in the coming decades within the EU. The reason is that the EU is pushing an EU-wide electricity market with competition and wants to get rid of country-local closed energy markets with monopolies or oligopolies.
Better adjust to that.
> but none of the German consumers will get these prices on their energy bill
Check out industry prices - they are consumers of electricity, too.
> surpass any goalsso far
Example, published in 2012:
http://www.renewable-energy-concepts.com/fileadmin/user_uplo...
It says: 'Bis spätestens zum Jahr 2020 soll der Anteil der erneuerbaren Energien an der Stromversorgung mindestens 35 Prozent betragen.'
This has already happened in 2018.
Your first link is just one jpg of a table on a blog of a progressive institute. The second one just a broad publication in German by the the German environmental ministry. Should I refer to its imprint as proof?
Then you make un-based broad statements and label critics as adherents to mythical beliefs
> Contrary to popular myths the German electricity grid is one of the most stable in the world.
To which I'd say, look no further than 10 January 2019 when Germany's policy of legally enforcing right of way for renewable energies almost brought down the whole of Europe's electricity grid. [1]
Furthermore the whole year of 2003 the German energy net authority had to perform 2 redispatches to avert a blackout. 2010 they had to perform 290, while in 2017 third quarter alone they had to perform 1.013 [2]
No one claims [that Germany is exporting more energy than it is consuming]. What is claimed and what is actually correct is that Germany exports more electricity than it imports.
Thats a non sequitur.
> This has already happened in 2018.
Clearly, your statement of the surpassing of "any goals so far" can't be based on that one data point out of a 140 page document? Or does this mean this was the only goal of the Energiewende? ?
[1] https://derstandard.at/2000096185439/Europas-Stromnetz-stand...
[2] https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/All... (page 32)
Is 'progressive' a problem for you? You can easily google for SAIDI and SAIFI numbers yourself. They will look the same.
> The second one just a broad publication in German by the the German environmental ministry. Should I refer to its imprint as proof?
A proof for what? I showed you a publication where the ministry communicated its goal for the share of renewable electricity in 2020. Higher up we already established that the number has been reached in 2018.
> To which I'd say, look no further than 10 January 2019 when Germany's policy of legally enforcing right of way for renewable energies almost brought down the whole of Europe's electricity grid. [1]
Which is factually wrong. Seems like you are not able to read the German text.
It hasn't brought down the net at all, not in Germany and not in the rest of Europe and it wasn't even near that.
The reason was a combination of data problem and a demand increase because of two power plants were going offline. Nothing to do with the 'Energiewende'.
https://www.montelnews.com/de/story/datenfehler-bedarfsspitz...
If you read the above statements, it was far from bringing down the whole of Europe's grid - as you have claimed - even the French operator denies this. The whole of Europe is actually very large and includes countries like Ireland, Finland, Greece, ... none of which would have seen an effect. It's just a sensational headline.
> Thats a non sequitur.
What?
> Clearly, your statement of the surpassing of "any goals so far" can't be based on that one data point out of a 140 page document?
If you cite me, then cite me correctly. I said: 'The share of electricity from renewable energy has surpassed any goals so far.' I was explicitly talking about the goals for the share of electricity as an example and then gave you an example for that.
Your statement was this: 'until now the government was great at missing even the most conservative goals on basically anything'
I gave you an example where it wasn't missing its goals.
That was always the case. It's nothing new.
That means also that each change is difficult, because there are established players who are defending their business. In nuclear power industries we have seen that, because it tends to create very large industrial conglomerates who are heavily interlinked with government. There we see then easily an abuse of that power. A part of the Energiewende is about opening up closed energy markets which were shared with only a handful of (often state owned) companies, make it accessible for new providers, create competition and decentralize it.
He made two basic claims, but your post contains a plethora of critical responses to things he never said.
I'm just gonna give you sources to support/correct his two original points and ignore your gibberish/rant.
> The nuclear reactors were actually not 'perfectly modern'.
Which they are not. The newest reactors in Germany began construction in 1982 [1], and most of the ones already shut down were old second generation nuclear technology [2][3]
> The share of electricity from renewable energy has surpassed any goals so far.
This is wrong afaik, since Germany isn't on track to meet it's own goals, but is just ahead of the EU's goals. [4]
[1]: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Kernreaktoren_in_Deu...
[2]: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Kernkraftwerke
[3]: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernkraftwerk#Generationen_von...
[4]: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2015/11/germany-...
What is missing for me is I can't source a current (~2017 or 2018) timeseries on German Energy/Capita use, which is a very important piece of the puzzle. Even if I could, I can't check sources because of the language barrier, so I wouldn't really be able to argue using it. If the per capita number has gone up then the Energiewende is very impressive. If it has gone down a lot, a failure. If it is middling, success is a political question.
The data will get out eventually. A lot of the interim reporting seems to combine spin and evidence-that-isn't really-evidence like negative power prices (which don't really say if 'things are working or not').
https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&u=https...
https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&u=https...
That makes little sense. A goal of German energy politics is to reduce energy per capita use.
Really? That sounds remarkably foolish; I'm surprised there are riots in France but not Germany. Is there some sort of justification for such a damaging policy?
The only way to reduce per capita energy consumption is to ban people from doing things, or tax them until the poor can't afford it any more. An economy won't leave energy untapped because people are using it more efficiently. Energy is very valuable.
Particularly in Germany's case, if per capita energy use is dropping, it is quite likely it is because people can't afford to buy some of Europe's most expensive power. That tends to upset.
The way to reduce energy consumption is to a have a more efficient infrastructure and more efficient consumer devices. In the private sector, public sectors and the industry.
Increasing 'efficiency' is a huge goal. This starts with using less primary energy for the production of the same amount of electricity, using so-far wasted energy (like heat from power plants), using less stand-by energy, increasing transport efficiency, use of less energy-intensive production processes in industry, ...
However, if you just increase energy efficiency, energy consumption will not go down. If it was worth your time to get X energy to produce Y results, and now X energy produces Y+1 results, it isn't particularly obvious to wind back X. It makes more sense to keep X constant and enjoy the greater results. If you could justify using X before, it is even easier to justify it now.
If you want to reduce energy consumption without compromising living standards, then you will indeed need to increase energy efficiency, but simultaneously you are going to need very firm measures (bans, punitive taxes, etc) to stop people just enjoying having more stuff for the same amount of effort. I think that is a mistake myself, and likely to lead to very angry voters.
There were predictions years ago that we wouldn't need to work because we would be so productive by this century. They got the productivity increases right, but radically underestimated how much people value leisure vs having more stuff. We still work a 5 day week, despite the fact that we just don't need to do that to maintain a lifestyle our great grandparents had.
That's where the increase in costs (or the competition from cheaper producers) comes into play. The production costs are increasing and producers are keen to improve efficiency, since it is one way to lower the pressure on production cost.
There are also lots of energy markets where the overall demand is limited.
> reduce energy consumption without compromising living standards
Twenty years ago I had a workstation which consumed 1.5KW/h. Now my workstation consumes 0.1KW/h while being 1000 times faster. I have several other computers around me (mostly with low-power CPUs) which each consume around 0.005KW/h - while each is much faster than the workstation of twenty years ago.
My LED lights are as bright as light before and more flexible - while using 1/5ths of the electricity.
From all I have seen as data, the GDP/capita has been increasing, while energy consumption has been reduced. I don't see my living standards being degraded.
> We still work a 5 day week
You maybe, not me. I'm also travelling a lot less than I used to do - which is alone an increase in my living standard.
Per capita energy consumption has been dropping in Europe, but also in North America over the past few years. Not aware of any bans or unaffordability issues there:
https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&...
And the US EIA absolutely claims energy efficiency is part of the reason:
Well, crude oil prices went from $35 -> $70 around 2005 and have generally been floating around there since, with short periods of time (a year or two) where they drop down [0], coal did something similar from $50 -> $80 [1]. In the US, coal use for electricity immediately started dropping off, and Natural Gas has been replacing capacity [2]. There was a 5 year period where gas (ie, car fuel) prices were just out of control, and a long period of time where they were just high.
Most of the US's energy is sourced from petroleum and coal [3, 4]. I'd say there is some evidence here that the drop in per capita use was more due to the price rising by a very large margin than some sort of efficiency gain, and the EIA article you reference is, in my view, somewhat optimistic if they think that sort of price movement doesn't cause people to change their lifestyles. This all times in roughly with when per capita energy use started to level off then fall. I'd suggest that although cheap natural gas has absorbed some of the shock, there is evidence of cost pressure if you care to look.
[0] https://www.macrotrends.net/1369/crude-oil-price-history-cha... [1] https://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=coal-austr... [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Electricity_by_type.pn... [3] https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=10 [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Energy_Flow_US_2017.png [5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States#Su...
"In 2010 the International Panel on Fissile Materials said "After six decades and the expenditure of the equivalent of tens of billions of dollars, the promise of breeder reactors remains largely unfulfilled and efforts to commercialize them have been steadily cut back in most countries". In Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States, breeder reactor development programs have been abandoned."
Nuclear waste, according to my understanding, is more of a political problem rather than a technical one. As was the closure of nuclear power plants in Germany.
Nuclear waste is a technical problem, otherwise it would have been solved already. There are countries like France where they have 80% of their electricity generated by nuclear power and politics is absolutely pro-nuclear. Yet, they don't have a solution to the nuclear waste problem.
Germany still has significant domestic coal reserves.
France pretty much ran out of coal decades ago and therefore invested heavily in nuclear technology and access to uranium ore (mostly in Africa), they are #2 in uranium consumption worldwide.
There was also probably a little thing in France about being dependent on Germany.