I'm far more productive in Rust than I am in C. The amount of time I spend writing for loop boilerplate alone is worth the price of admission.

Pretty much all of the ergonomics improvements this year have been improving on things you can't do in C to begin with. Like automatic serialization (serde). Or const generics. Or error handling via ?. Or pretty much any reasonable string manipulation ever.

There's a legitimate debate to be had with the ergonomics of C++ vs. Rust (though I think Rust wins there too). But not with C. C, as a language that makes you jump through hoops to even get a hash table, doesn't even come close.

I suppose pretty much everyone here already knows, but when making this specific type of comment ("I'm far more productive in Rust than C"), can you please disclose that you are one of the core people involved in Rust/Servo?

It's almost like Chuck Moore coming on HN and saying he finds Forth to be the most productive language. Of course it is, for you. (Nothing against the productivity of Forth or Rust.)

I'm a relative beginner in both Rust and C and I'd like to say that, as much as the learning curve for Rust could be better, even for a beginner, Rust is light years ahead of C, especially if you've used a more modern language. And using a hash table as an example is actually pretty sharp. Someone used to python might not know how much of a pain any type of container is in C. You could reasonably make the case it's easier to use hash tables in assembly -- the C language does you essentially no favors.

Rust is quite amazing, though. Very slick, to the point where I use it and I don't care that much about things running fast or with low memory requirements, I just want something with the syntax and comprehensibility of python/ruby/etc (at least compared to erlang/elixir, which I'd otherwise use -- not having local mutable variables makes things a bit more puzzling for no reason like three times a day) and the sweet tools from haskell, and Rust fits the bill.

I've personally experience very tangible productivity gains once I got past the (very steep) learning curve.

The compiler will catch many errors that other languages consider logic errors; if your source code compiles, it tends to run as expected.

As for the disclosure: I'm a normal software programmer, and haven't written a single line of code for rust's compiler and tooling.

people write better c than c++ because they are less tempted to over-architect. We've all come across terrible meta-templated c++ code with abuse of OOP all in the name of "information hiding". The main problem against c is the puny standard library. It would be nice to have a few more built-ins.

I think c++ without inheritance would be a very nice language.

C has so many design flaws, from the lack of reasonable iterators to null pointers to the preprocessor to bizarre type syntax to switch fall through to terrible error handling to no generics, etc. The attempts to patch the more broken parts of its design (e.g. ergonomics favoring signed induction variables in for loops) have resulted in more problems (e.g. signed overflow being undefined behavior). As a language from 1978, it was good in its day, but it's not worth saving anymore. It should become a respected piece of history.

I am always startled by people who hate inheritance "lock stock and barrel". I have long-running memories of being utterly appalled by multiple inheritance - all the way back to having to learn how to answer those damn "how many pure virtual base classes can dance on the head of a pin?" type questions in my 3rd-year C++/soft-eng class.

But single inheritance, used judiciously, has really led to some vastly better designs in my experience and doing away with inheritance would generally mean those designs would just be redone with a clumsy "let's fake up inheritance" interface.

I think you can write bad code in any language. Bad C++ is especially egregious, as it's possible to make the bad code practically incomprehensible even at a surface level. However, I suspect that carving feature after feature away from C++ leaves a language that is now just as good for writing toy programs ("hey, look how elegant the language is now that pesky inheritance/template/exception/<insert hated feature of choice> is gone"), but will now allow you write verbose and shitty (but shallowly more understandable) code in place of the C++.

I do find the sheer size of C++ objectionable (the usual arguments about how nearly all C++ programmers seem to program in subset "house styles" of the language). I am generally very suspicious of efforts to replace C++ that come from people who don't seem to understand it at all, however. Generally I like Rust in this regard as the Rust approach seems to display a mature understanding of what was actually good about C++ (constrast: Go).

What do you want to use inheritance for? In my experience, it is usually better to use composition and sum types.

Inheritance is usually really great when you want to extend the type outside the context it was created in. GUI is a very clear example of that where composition may work but is greatly tedious (reimplementing the whole interface, exposing it, and rewiring), and sum types are right off the bat inapplicable.

C was already quite poor in 1993 when I got to compare it with Turbo Pascal 6.0 for MS-DOS, my main tool at the time.

With all these years the amount of UB, memory corruption issues and security exploits only got bigger.

We need a major IoT meltdown to get rid of it, unfortunately it won't happen until the industry lets UNIX clones go.

> We need a major IoT meltdown to get rid of it, unfortunately it won't happen until the industry lets UNIX clones go.

Rust isn't going to stop IoT makers from leaving ports open and default passwords set.

No, but it may protect (to some degree) those that do use good authentication practices from also being exploited from exploitable libraries.

Bad defaults is a problem with IoT devices, but far from the only problem.

No, but there is a whole class of errors related to UB, memory corruption and data conversions that just by avoiding C will never happen.

You don't even need Rust, Algol 68 would be enough.

> unfortunately it won't happen until the industry lets UNIX clones go

Redox is a Unix-like system.

UNIX like is not the same as being UNIX.

UNIX is married with C by design, just how browsers are with JavaScript.

Actually you are right in one thing, if Redox offers POSIX support then it needs to sandbox them.

In the context you said "Unix clones", it sounded pretty obvious you were including Linux in there. Linux is a "Unix-like" rather than an Unix.

I was including Linux there, as it follows a standard UNIX architecture.

There is a big difference in having POSIX support and being a UNIX.

Windows, IBM i, IBM z/OS, Unysis MCA ClearPath, Green Hills INTEGRITY OS, Genode and many other OSes have POSIX support, yet their architectures have nothing to do with UNIX.

But absolutely no one forces you to use inheritance.

Not using a feature X yourself means you might still need to deal with code written by somebody who uses the feature.

In lesser languages this tends to translate to "you need to deal with code using bizarre pre-processor coding and/or external code generators". glib*-stuff is a neat example for the former (although a lot of it's code and most of the architecture is overall bizarre, not just the pre-processor parts), things like Qt and some libraries parsing stuff using generated parsers / lexers are typical examples of the latter.

> The amount of time I spend writing for loop boilerplate alone is worth the price of admission.

This can be solved with a templating system, not a new language.

A templating system is a new language.

An extremely minimalist one that will transfer to an language, including creating rust boilerplate.

Obviously, I wasn't implying for loop boilerplate is the only problem with C.

> It may be safer, but not as "ergonomic" subjectively, which ultimately affects productivity.

For my first large project in Rust, I ran into several issues where the type system was complaining that I couldn't take the references of certain variables in certain ways. Most of the time, it was clear to me (eventually) that what I wanted to do was actually unsafe. It takes some time, but a lot of the pain involved with starting out with Rust is realizing that the patterns you've been using all along in C/C++ were fundamentally unsafe from the beginning.

The rest of the time, though, what I wanted to do was safe, but I couldn't figure out how to structure the code to get Rust in a position where it could guarantee that safety.

> It may be safer, but not as "ergonomic" subjectively

Perhaps what we really need for the engineering that really calls for this class of product (a systems language), is not more ergonomics, but an acceptance that some small sacrifice in ergonomics and possibly productivity is a small price to pay to make some real headway in the problem of actually providing correct software? Cutting of entire classes of errors and subsequent exploits is an enormous gain for such a small price.

Put another way, every bug you allow through that could have been found with more diligence is really you offloading development time, effort or cost onto your users. That's not to say unlimited time should be spent during development to find bugs, but there is a trade-off happening, and I would hazard that most developers spend less time than they should. In these terms, I think Rust is an amazingly productive language regardless of whether it seems harder to use and makes you feel somewhat less productive.

Which languages are your point of comparison? Its a different conversation to have to talk about C, C++, D, Swift, Nim, Crystal, or Julia?

Which ergonomic issues are your main concerns?

Some things I can think of

- Libraries focusing on optimal performance over ergonomics

- Lifetimes

- Results not being quite as ergonomic as exceptions

While it has rough spots now, I'm hopeful for the future.

The impression I've had watching Rust's evolution is they want to push the language to its limits, find the weak points, find ways of fixing it, and repeat. They don't want to speculatively throw in features. For example, we started off with try!() and later got .?.

Improving the documentation would also improve people's perceptions. I've gone through waves of feeling like Rust's error handling is close enough to the ergonomics of exceptions. When I had surface knowledge, it seemed great. I then started using it and running into problems. I then came across random blog posts and it became easy again.

For a further discussion on documentation, see https://www.reddit.com/r/rust/comments/67fb8e/rust_tribal_kn...

The next step is creating ergonomic libraries. ezstring is an example of people experimenting with this.

ezstring: https://github.com/Storyyeller/easy_strings

The language is hard to learn, so it is very tedious in the beginning. But once you "get" it, it's a very productive power tool.

It's sort of like SVN vs git. When you start you might wonder how can anybody manage to commit a line of code with it, but once you know it, you can't believe you've lived without rebase.

I've been programming in C for 17 years, and in Rust for 2 now. In the first year I had to get help from StackOverflow or IRC for every function I wrote. Now I'm past that, and I'm much much more productive in Rust. I have full control of memory, but no `free()` to write! Strings are easy! Dependencies are easy! I can iterate over BTreeMap with 1 line of code (which inlines to code as efficient as I'd write manually).

It's great, once you know it.

> It may be safer, but not as "ergonomic" subjectively, which ultimately affects productivity.

Tit for tat. When you gain particular categories of guaranteed correctness there are things you needn't worry about, and that saves you lots of trouble down the road.

How much ergonomical pains such a gain is worth is obviously debatable, but I think it's absolutely reasonable to say that trading guaranteed correctness for comfort more often than not is going to be the right thing to do in systems-level programming. And the lower-level you go, more so.

I just spent an entire week debugging a timing-dependent stack-smashing bug that Rust would have never allowed. On the other hand, closures in Rust are really awkward. So... maybe.

Personally, I give closures in Rust to be much less awkward than lambdas in C++. What issues do you have with them?

It's the combination of the lambdas and the borrowing system. You have to move all resources into them and then you can't use them from anywhere else.

What I mean is, it's not the closures exactly that are the problem. It's just that closures are one of the times it would be really really convenient if you could have multiple mutable references to something. You end up having to use `Rc<RefCell<>>` as described here:

http://gtk-rs.org/tuto/closures#using-non-gtk-rs-object-into...

This is also mentioned in the Tock PDF: https://sing.stanford.edu/site/publications/levy-plos15-tock... in section 3.2. I'm not really sure how they overcame that in Tock. I guess using RefCell?

Anyway it all seems very awkward.

Ah, I see. I think my perspective tends to be outside the norm when it comes to things like this, since I learned Rust before learning C++, so the Rust way feels "natural", for lack of a better word. I find myself wishing I could do things the Rust way in C++ far more often than vice-versa.

They invented some new interior mutability things, if you check the recent Tock discussion on HN via search you should see some things, and a link to Reddit about it.

I agree 100%. The Rust syntax is so different from C, C++, Go and Java that it's very difficult for me to use. I love the idea of Rust, but I wish the syntax was more similar to traditional languages. If it were, I think it would be a very easy transition for many of us.

That...seems very surprising to me. I've used almost exactly the same set of languages, and I found the Rust syntax incredibly familiar. There are times when (especially if you use a lot of boxing and ref-counting) that you can get a touch of operator soup, but that's not that often. Anyways, the languages feel very similar to me.

A lot of the compromises made in Rust syntax were to make it much, much easier for the compiler to reduce passes to compile into a syntax tree.

There are certainly some things that should just be obvious now, though. Using the C++ namespace separator of :: is just ludicrously obtuse for an extremely common symbol, using the & for refs is archaic (I mean... you could have just called it a ref. ref T instead of &T. And then just ref(foo) or foo.ref to get a ref to foo.) And the syntax for lifetimes is horrible, with the 'a and the fact that in practice its about as significant as naming parameters in a C++ function definition in a header (ie, pointless - the words are discarded by the compiler every time).

And I certainly would have argued for whitespace significance, at least as an option, instead of classic semicolon spam.

Given all that, Rust is still, IMO, the best programming language we have right now for native performance, period. We can criticize what we don't like but we should at least agree its the best we have.

> Using the C++ namespace separator of :: is just ludicrously obtuse for an extremely common symbol

Obtuse? It's sort of common. Multiple languages use it. Personally I like the namespace separator being distinct from the object/struct element accessor. At least they didn't copy PHP in using backspace...

> using the & for refs is archaic (I mean... you could have just called it a ref. ref T instead of &T. And then just ref(foo) or foo.ref to get a ref to foo.)

Please, let's not have more cases where things look like functions but aren't. Functions should look like functions. Operators should look like operators. You might have to learn a small set of operators for a new language. This is front-loading some confusion and learning pain for ease of use later. It may make the language harder to read for people that don't know the language, but anyone reading the source code with the aim to make some changes should probably know the operators at least. I'm not sure giving it a slightly more expressive name but making it look like something else actually makes life easier for those people.

> And I certainly would have argued for whitespace significance, at least as an option, instead of classic semicolon spam.

Optional whitespace significance? That sounds like a recipe for disaster, IMO. I can see a case for one or the other, but mixing of modes like that when it deals with something that is by nature somewhat invisible (or meta), seems prone to problems.

Also, examining why Python has had problems with functional style workhorses like map might shed some light on the negative aspects of whitespace dependent syntax.

Commonality doesn't make a shift-accessible character twice in a row less obtuse. It is like if < and > were the bitwise shifts and >> and << were the logical - it would make no sense because the more common behavior was using more characters.

Of all the glyphs used in the language, :: is probably in the top 5 for frequency of use (probably higher than even * in Rust, considering the infrequency of pointer usage and that multiplication isn't that common an operation in general code) but uses two glyphs instead of one.

It would have required different design constraints starting out to figure which glyph would be best suited instead of ::, but :: is still really ugly in all the languages that use it when its such a common symbol. I wouldn't argue overloading . is right, but I'm having a hard time seeing why a single colon doesn't work - foo:bar:baz. Maybe the parser finds scoping and explicit type names on definitions (ie let foo: i64 or in function definitions) require too many passes to distinguish?

Valid points. A single colon would suffice, but I suspect in C++ they wanted something a bit more distinct from the semicolon. For Rust, I imagine at least part of the reasoning was keeping with what was familiar wit h C++, and after that the type names probably did make it complex, if not intractable (without reserving specific names).

Lots of languages with whitespace significance have no ergonomic issues with functional style. Haskell and the ML family come to mind.

Actually, looking at Haskell, the optional whitespace (either indentation or braces, newline or semicolon) looks like it solves that problem quite well. I don't have much experience with optional whitespace, so I can't comment on whether it neatly solves the problem, or creates additional problems in readability as close to or greater than the original problem. My gut feeling is still that it might be messy.

Agree that making keywords look like functions is weird and bad, but I also loathe languages that insist on using special chars for things that are better expressed with words. C# is my daily driver and I like how it calls pass-by-reference stuff "ref". And likewise, while I can see the appeal of making namespace and member lookups distinct, I've never liked the readability of C++ :: syntax, and I learned C++ fairly early on in my career.

> C# is my daily driver and I like how it calls pass-by-reference stuff "ref".

`&` isn't a parameter annotation in Rust, it's two unary operators, two type annotations (general) and a pattern-matching operator.

The latter of which `ref` also is, incidentally, it means "capture a value by reference" in a pattern: https://play.rust-lang.org/?gist=30b436d83701f74b986aea978fa... (& meaning "capture a reference by its target" in that context, which is logically the structural inverse of the operator)

Backspace would be amazing in Rust. Imagine:

    use .\greetings\hello;
    use ..\foo;
    use \bar;

right now these are:

    use self::greetings::hello;
    use super::foo;
    use ::bar;

I think the PHP way would have been way better

Backslash is almost universally associated with "escaping" the next character in a string. The only place I've ever seen it used as a separator is in Windows, and my understanding is that it causes enough grief when used in strings that people dislike it there as well. The only reason Windows uses backslash is because DOS 1.0 didn't have hierarchies and already used slash for command switches, so they used backslash so it wouldn't conflict.

What is wrong with ::? It's visually distinct, isn't easily confused for other things, and unused for anything else, which pretty much hits all the criteria I care about for this feature.

I'm seriously asking, why do people dislike ::? Is there an actual basis, or do people just not like the look?

Those paths are actually valid Windows paths. I don't like `super` and `self` instead of `..` and `.` - it's just extra stuff to remember.

Also, because of how the metaphor for paths is broken, the relative paths in Rust are not intuitive. That's why you HAVE TO put `self::foo` because the default is not the same as what you'd expect if it were a path.

It's overly complicated compared to just letting you use actual Windows paths.

Except not everyone uses Windows. Why not a regular slash instead of a backslash since even on Windows they sometimes allow that since it's standard for the web? Because modules and namespaces don't always correspond to files. Having the namespace separator be the same as a file path separator may imply a connection to the the filesystem hierarchy which does not exist, or is far removed.

> Why not a regular slash

because how do you parse

    let x = a/foo();

is that a::foo() or a / foo()?

If you use \ it's unambiguous, a\foo() corresponds to a::foo() while a/foo() is division

Exactly. Forward slash has problems. Backslash has problems. Associating the concept with file paths too much has problems (depending on the language and the module implementation).

So, why again is :: such a bad choice, given all this?

Backslash does not have problems. It's a single character and looks like windows paths. :: is two characters and is only familiar for C++ programmers (and means something else in PHP)

Backslash is the single most problematic visible character to represent in lower ASCII. It's the go-to solution for representing the non-visible characters when you need them in a string representation in most languages I can think of. Many errors have been found in string handling routines because of incorrect escape handling. I wouldn't willingly use it as a special character in any language I had input in designing.

Even for windows paths, backslash has caused a lot of problems in various tools[1][2][3]. Just google "backslash path error" for many pages of problems. Even early DOS developers weren't happy with the need for backslash, and made regular slashes work in paths. That doesn't work everywhere in Windows, but it works in a lot of places. Following Microsoft's mistake because of an accident of history (they has already used forward slash for command flags before implementing path hierarchies so needed a different character) and dealing with the same problems they have is not a point in backslash's favor.

> :: is two characters and is only familiar for C++ programmers

It's familiar for whoever learns it for the language they are learning. That it does not necessarily have an association with concepts from other languages or systems that don't apply cleanly (such as the namespace corresponding to the path, which may not be true) is a positive.

1: https://pythonconquerstheuniverse.wordpress.com/2008/06/04/g...

2: https://github.com/rstudio/shiny/issues/1009

3: http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21635233

That's \ inside of paths and strings. Nothing to do with \ used in a language. Nobody has an issue with \ used in PHP. The only problem is maybe pasting code on a blog or something, not really a problem when programming in PHP.

Everything eventually gets represented by a string somewhere. Paths aren't inherently strings, but that's how they are often represented in code. You won't be defining your namespaces as a string in normal usage, but some things do need oto represent source, so why choose a character that makes their jobs harder. There are parallels. It's a downside of using backslash. It's not guaranteed to cause a problem, but the potential is there and waiting for anyone that needs to deal with representing it in language.

By string, I of course speak of string literals. The only place where this would be an issue is writing Rust compiler error messages. I don't consider that a strong argument for why the path analogy should be broken. Because the path analogy is broken, modules in Rust have strange rules. For example,

    use foo::bar;

doesn't actually use a relative "path" from the current module

you need to use

    use self::foo::bar;

I think this is a confusing default, and it would have never ended up this way if Rust used Windows-path-looking namespace syntax

if you're writing a parser and manipulating actual arrays of bytes, you don't have an issue with backslash, it's just another character to you

> I mean... you could have just called it a ref. ref T instead of &T. And then just ref(foo) or foo.ref to get a ref to foo.

Ugh, no. There are references all over the place when I write Rust code -- it would be a serious bummer for me if annotating those types and making those references took up 4 characters for "ref " instead of just the 1 for &.

You can have both, but you use a lot of vocabulary all the time in rust (clone, let, mut, static) and nobody is harping on how the most common words need to be made glyphs to save 2-3 characters per use.

I'm curious: what is so different about the syntax? It seems very similar to me.

I think the thing that puts me off the most is the lifetime specifiers:

  let foo:'static str = "foo";

Whenever I see an apostrophe, my mind defaults to frantically searching for its counterpart at the end of the string they're enclosing. Just like for parentheses; imagine how confusing it would be if ' would have been ( instead.

  let foo:(static str = "foo";

This particular convention is inherited from the ML family, where it has been very popular for a very long time.

For what it's worth, there are many cases even in the natural language where ' is not supposed to have a "closing" counterpart - indeed, the "it's" in this very sentence is one such example. Then you have the use of ' to denote feet and minutes of arc. Now, technically these are all actually different symbols, with their own Unicode codepoints etc - but in practice, people use ' for all of them, and it doesn't seem to be confusing anyone. You could treat the ' in Rust as something along these lines.

> Whenever I see an apostrophe, my mind defaults to frantically searching for its counterpart at the end of the string they're enclosing.

In fairness, you should never be searching for matching apostrophe. Single quote, maybe. The fact that it's an apostrophe should also trigger that it might have something to do with possession... (or that something was omitted).

Granted, lifetime syntax has no analogue in the languages the comment I was replying to mentioned. That doesn't seem to be enough to qualify as "so different" though. But maybe it is?

The syntax is really on the same as C-Style languages, minus the extra lifetimes bits.

Most of the changes in this log, and past change logs I have read agree with you. They mention it often and much of the changes work on that.

That have chosen safety first and appear to be working on ergonomics without sacrificing that.

Ergonomic improvements are a major focus for the Rust team's 2017 roadmap, both in language changes and tooling. But they'll never sacrifice the core safety principles of the language to do it.

> I was interested in learning Rust as a safer alternative to C a few years back

Well, there you go. It's an alternative to C. Those tend to get messy (see also, C++).