Storing your data on a cloud service that isn't competent is a privacy risk.
And a reliability risk, as I found out last year when my albums on iCloud Photos disappeared. Not the photos themselves, just the albums in which I organised them, but organising data can take a lot of time, and any data loss is unacceptable. They weren't in trash.
Apple's "self-professed privacy narrative" is partly right, but partly marketing, and partly disingenous, as if collecting data has no other purpose than advertising: https://dcurt.is/privacy-vs-user-experience To be clear, I'm not taking a black-and-white view; it's partly right, partly wrong.
BTW, The Verge wasn't clear — was the forensics firm getting data from an iDevice or Mac's local storage, or across the Internet from iCloud servers?
a "trusted device" is only an Apple device, phone calls are for backup when you lose them. Even after that it's significant inconvenience in comparison to any other vendor using a standardized OTP approach working with any application that implements the standard. It's one of the little ways how Apple makes not owning an iOS device inconvenient for mac users.
The 'legacy' (my phrasing, only because it was the first implemented) MFA is SMS-based, and thus has not dependency on iPhones.
There's a newer (about a year or two old by this point) solution which has a 'richer user experience' and depends on having other Macs or iPhones to receive the MFA authentication dialogs.
What if I don’t have access to a trusted device or didn't receive a verification code?
If you're signing in and don’t have a trusted device handy that can display verification codes, you can have a code sent to your trusted phone number via text or a phone call instead. Click Didn't Get a Code on the sign in screen and choose to send a code to your trusted phone number. You can also get a code directly from Settings on a trusted device.
iCloud has offered 2 step authentication since 2013 [0]. From what I can tell, the celeb hack happened a few weeks before the public release in mid-2014.
[0] https://9to5mac.com/2013/03/21/apple-beefs-up-icloud-apple-i...
Apple doesn't rely on advertising revenue like Google or Facebook so in the past they've been much more likely to avoid collecting data whenever it could get in the way of their self-professed privacy narrative.