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Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by yuliyp on Thursday March 09, 2023 @05:28PM (#35087720)
I'm amazed by the NIMBYism for the middle of the desert. Yes it's not completely devoid of life and impact, but as far as places for generating solar power go, it's about as good as you're gonna get.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by uoaei on Thursday March 09, 2023 @06:03PM (#35088095)
Well, duh. I don't think anyone thinks "sun strong -> good for solar" is bad reasoning. What is bad reasoning is ending your analysis there.

What's the cost-benefit of installing heavy transmissions infrastructure for the desert? The shore? The sea and ocean? Everyone and everything who live there? How vulnerable is that infrastructure to natural and artificial disasters, and what costs do we bear to build resilience to those outcomes?

Aren't surrounding communities also in need of strong consistent power? Why not move the power less distance (far less materials, less power losses) and serve a different population?

The classic thought-terminating cliche of if we covered X% of the Sahara we could power the whole globe obviously ignores the act of moving that energy from one place to another, which is a huge endeavor, to say the least.

Your argument is basically of the flavor "why is California still in a drought while the Mississippi river rages?"

Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by matthewdgreen on Thursday March 09, 2023 @06:41PM (#35088473)
I presume the existence of this project demonstrates that the cost/benefit analysis was done and the result balanced towards “benefit”. The most recent nuclear power plant built in England produces 3200MW and costs nearly $40bn so far. This cable will carry 10,500MW and costs $22bn. The latter number doesn’t includes the solar generation, but build costs for utility-scale PV are running less than $1/watt so 10,500MW of name-plate capacity would cost only another $11bn. Even at much lower capacity factors you’re still looking at less than half the cost per MW than nuclear.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by uoaei on Thursday March 09, 2023 @07:15PM (#35088779)
Whose analysis, incorporating whose costs and whose benefits? Why are you assuming that the logic is reasonable and not asking these questions? What kinds of benefits would we see in the near future if we invested in providing power to places that could use it for development and not merely consumption?
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by brailsafe on Thursday March 09, 2023 @08:03PM (#35089167)
Who's we? This sounds like another one of those silly "why do x when we could imagine doing something completely different" type of arguments for nothing and posited for no reason.

"Don't build skyscrapers, build townhouses!" "Don't have checkstops, people die in car accidents anyway, instead we need to think about road safety" "Why build a huge energy project when small towns won't directly benefit in the next 5 years"

You would assume that the considerations have been made because it's basically a massive engineering project, it hasn't been posted to hacker news for the purpose of gathering theoretical conjecture in step 1 of the planning process, and that's how massive engineering projects tend to work, along with other political effects that aren't necessarily logical reasoning experiments to begin with.

Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by matthewdgreen on Thursday March 09, 2023 @08:07PM (#35089192)
Financially I assume the analysis was done by the people committing $22bn. Presumably the investment in the region will both spur local development (jobs and infrastructure) as well as other forms of development. The thing about solar is that people tend to overbuild it, since you need to ensure that there’s sufficient capacity even when it’s cloudy or the sun is low in the sky, so power near the generation sources should be relatively inexpensive when the sun is shining (and if more is needed, scaling existing solar plants will be much cheaper than building new infrastructure.) And then of course there’s the very real benefit that decarbonizing Europe will have on the undeveloped world, which is going to bear the brunt of the effects of climate change.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by msandford on Thursday March 09, 2023 @08:47PM (#35089457)
It strikes me that developing a more renewable grid that decarbonizes energy in both Europe and Africa is one option. There's no reason the electricity can only go from Africa to the UK. It might well flow in reverse on windy nights.

The other is that rich and middle class people in the developed world build their own little microgrids that can easily withstand primary grid outages with all the economic inefficiency that entails. Batteries are relatively scarce still and are far more equitably deployed to the grid writ large than only certain households.

But of course perfect is the enemy of good which is why people are arguing about this online.

Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by ClumsyPilot on Thursday March 09, 2023 @09:08PM (#35089575)
> What kinds of benefits would we see in the near future if we invested in providing power to places that could use it for development and not merely consumption

Sounds like you are asking "don't spend 22 billion on infrastructure for yourself, donate 22 billion to build infra for someone else"

Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by uoaei on Friday March 10, 2023 @07:06PM (#35103209)
Not so simply, no. But if we can pivot to a philosophy of lifting up the lowest among us, rather than exploiting their resources to extract value from them, that would be a positive step for humanity.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by projektfu on Thursday March 09, 2023 @09:12PM (#35089601)
The article said $22bn is about half cable cost, half solar generation cost.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by desro on Thursday March 09, 2023 @06:10PM (#35088174)
Maybe we ought to think about water pipelines running from east to west...
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by wahern on Thursday March 09, 2023 @10:10PM (#35089955)
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by epanchin on Thursday March 09, 2023 @09:35PM (#35089754)
If the surrounding communities are in need of power, they’re likely to get it cheaper as a result of the UK building there.

Hopefully they require a split of the power as part of the building conditions.

If the desert supplied energy to the whole continent, it would free up other resources (eg gas) to power other countries. It’s a little different to your river analogy.

Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by boosting6889 on Thursday March 09, 2023 @06:03PM (#35088098)
What about arrays of floating solar panels and windmills on the ocean?
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by steelbrain on Thursday March 09, 2023 @06:09PM (#35088161)
I am uneducated in this particular field but my understanding is that salt water is extremely corrosive. Having reliable energy is not just about installation, but also about maintenance and continued operation. The latter is a challenge in a corrosive salt water environment.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by jimmydorry on Thursday March 09, 2023 @08:00PM (#35089143)
In comparison to keeping the panels clean and cooled in the middle of a desert?
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by dymk on Thursday March 09, 2023 @08:41PM (#35089403)
Serious answer? Yes. Brooms and mounting panels a foot off the ground works fine. Heat reduces efficiently but by a very, very small amount. Not long ago there was a company posted to HN which puts panels basically flat on the ground, and has a little robot run up and down sweeping them off in Texas.

Much simpler and cheaper and less error prone than a floating array of panels exposed to salt water and waves.

Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by jnsaff2 on Friday March 10, 2023 @02:42AM (#35091597)
Heat reduces power of PV Panels by up to 10%. Looking at a random spec sheet it's -0.35%/C so from 45C to 75C the difference is roughly 10%. I would not call it "very very small". Also increase in temperature reduces the lifetime of the panels.

That said I too think that taking that hit will never be offset by all the faff of dealing with ocean water, waves etc.

Moreover the big installations in Morocco have not been PV but concentrated mirrors in which case any increase in heat is improvement and brooms are more important.

Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by jimmydorry on Friday March 10, 2023 @08:59AM (#35094345)
Brooms cause abrasions, especially when they are moving sand along glass or composite plastics. Non lubricated wipers are fine (but not ideal) for dirt / dust, but not at all comparable for sand.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by dymk on Friday March 10, 2023 @11:03AM (#35096144)
solar panels have been being swept with brooms for decades, it works fine
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by jimmydorry on Sunday March 12, 2023 @10:24PM (#35130062)
Yeah, and as far as I am aware, they are all kept clean with water. I'm not aware of a single installation that isn't hooked up to water facilities, let alone plonked down in the middle of a desert.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by dymk on Sunday March 12, 2023 @11:52PM (#35130782)
I'm really not sure why you think washing them with water is vital to make a solar installation worthwhile. Panels have been getting / are dirt cheap, efficiencies have been going up, and that trend will continue for a long time. If $ cost to wash is more than $ increase from cleaner panels, we won't wash them.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by donny2018 on Friday March 10, 2023 @04:55AM (#35092506)
Would panels be even efficient for such a project though? I think concentrated solar is better in this case, as it generates power at night, more stable during weather changes, and not subject to heating issues.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by zopa on Thursday March 09, 2023 @06:14PM (#35088212)
The solar panels would shade out all the photosynthetic plankton below, no? Nothing large-scale on Earth is zero impact.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by delecti on Thursday March 09, 2023 @06:12PM (#35088197)
Salt water is rough on infrastructure, and far less convenient to access.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by belorn on Thursday March 09, 2023 @06:47PM (#35088529)
Floating windmills sounds like a fun concept. I never heard of it but in theory, with cables securing it to the bottom and weights to keep it upright, I could see it work.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by Tagbert on Thursday March 09, 2023 @07:19PM (#35088811)
There are existing floating turbines already.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_wind_turbine

Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by stevekemp on Friday March 10, 2023 @12:40PM (#35097969)
Scotland was big, at one point, on using sea-power. Their idea was more about using the rising/falling/tidal energy to generate electricity via motion:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelamis_Wave_Energy_Converter

Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by labster on Thursday March 09, 2023 @11:26PM (#35090384)
There was an article a while back about placing solar panels on California aqueducts. This wasn’t really worth the cost in the analysis, until you considered preventing water loss from evaporation and saving on canal cleaning. I expect solar power from the ocean would lose money, if floating it on land is barely profitable.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by gotoeleven on Thursday March 09, 2023 @06:14PM (#35088214)
Its this kind of stuff that makes me think all the global warming hysteria must be overblown. If it were really as dire as environmentalists would have you believe, they wouldnt be fighting this kind of stuff (or nuclear).

The only real accomplishment the global warming people have achieved is to make energy much more expensive and energy supplies much more unstable (e.g. california, europe)

Most environmentalists surely have good intentions, but they (like most people) are not experts on climate science and those that are have conflicted interests. For academics, you can only get one answer or you are cast out and shunned as a big oil lackey. For activist groups like greenpeace etc they only raise money by being alarmist. And then some are simply motivated by the desire to hurt western economies.

https://www.realclearenergy.org/articles/2020/12/21/chinas_g...

Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by caf on Thursday March 09, 2023 @06:29PM (#35088376)
It's almost like "they" aren't some monolithic borg that agree on everything, isn't it.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by colechristensen on Thursday March 09, 2023 @08:17PM (#35089259)
There are very real concerns but a whole lot of people talking about them have pretty shallow knowledge and just sort of jump on anything that sounds right. This is a problem with many issues that attract activists.

Lousy activists shouldn’t invalidate the issues that inspired them.

Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by Dylan16807 on Thursday March 09, 2023 @09:13PM (#35089608)
This: "Most environmentalists surely have good intentions, but they (like most people) are not experts on climate science"

Invalidates this: " If it were really as dire as environmentalists would have you believe, they wouldnt be fighting this kind of stuff (or nuclear)."

Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by Consultant32452 on Thursday March 09, 2023 @11:42PM (#35090470)
With every political problem: environment, racism, failing schools, terrorists, climate change, etc. the people in power need the problem more than they need the solution.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by zpeti on Friday March 10, 2023 @08:33AM (#35094125)
Because it's not actually about saving the environment, but about slowing down or stopping human and technological progress, because human progress is basically evil.

This is the fundamental driving emotion behind the environmental movement, and it's why almost any real environmentalist is against a technological solution to it. No nuclear, no wind farms (destroy landscape), no solar farms in africa.

The problem is humanity. It's a virus. It needs to be killed. There are too many people on the planet, we can't feed them, children are the worst thing for the environment, I'm sure you've heard all these things.

Meanwhile, 50% of 8bn people on earth will be overweight by 2030.

Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by nerdponx on Thursday March 09, 2023 @06:46PM (#35088515)
It's not NIMBYism because it's not my backyard. It's an attempt at environmentalism and cost-benefit calculations. It might turn out to be net positive, but you can't know that unless you consider the negatives first.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by tails4e on Thursday March 09, 2023 @07:22PM (#35088846)
That's a stretch. We're literally talking about arid almost-wasteland. A few sq miles is a small portion, yet will provide clean power. The cost benefit is abundantly clear.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by badrabbit on Thursday March 09, 2023 @10:29PM (#35090046)
But like, it is someone else's country. They just may not like the look of it and that would be the end of the story, maybe move on to ocean based solar+current hybrid power generators?
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by lumost on Thursday March 09, 2023 @10:53PM (#35090160)
What’s wrong with a country exporting their solar resources? An arid resource less desert can become an economic boon.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by badrabbit on Thursday March 09, 2023 @10:57PM (#35090178)
Why are you asking me that as if I made that claim?
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by stu2b50 on Thursday March 09, 2023 @10:53PM (#35090161)
Morroco is the one pushing for it, in this case. It's not like the nation state in question is being forced into it. They see it as a major opportunity to export energy, a famously lucrative enterprise for countries.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by badrabbit on Thursday March 09, 2023 @10:56PM (#35090172)
I didn't dispute that, i just said the value of it is not the only consideration, you still need to test it out before deciding, regardless of who pushed for it.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by Ekaros on Friday March 10, 2023 @02:13AM (#35091404)
Also the possible political leverage is substantial one. At least in short term.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by rswskg on Friday March 10, 2023 @06:58AM (#35093299)
They should into becoming a low cost synth hydrocarbon exporter. They would take over using current infrastructure.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by adam-a on Friday March 10, 2023 @08:46AM (#35094240)
The article discusses this. Egypt are apparently starting to produce a lot of green hydrogen for export to Europe.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by rswskg on Monday March 13, 2023 @07:39AM (#35134280)
Green hydrogen is definetly not a hydrocarbon.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by jnsaff2 on Friday March 10, 2023 @02:26AM (#35091485)
I urge you to pick up and read Desert Solitaire[0] and reconsider your 'wasteland' statement.

Benefit/cost might be there, but for a project costing 22B it would be sensible to study and quantify.

[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Solitaire

Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by Felminor on Friday March 10, 2023 @08:51AM (#35094288)
As depressing as it is, better destroying that env than the more rich env
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by Rebelgecko on Friday March 10, 2023 @07:04PM (#35103183)
IMO as a planet we should try to move beyond that sort of colonialism. Yes the UK is a richer country, but that doesn't make their ecosystem inherently more valuable.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by Felminor on Saturday March 11, 2023 @03:44AM (#35106629)
I would say more diverse because the weather allows it
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by jnsaff2 on Monday March 13, 2023 @03:33AM (#35132346)
One could argue that the environment in UK is already destroyed, why protect that instead of something that is still relatively untouched?
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by concordDance on Thursday March 09, 2023 @08:05PM (#35089177)
Given the benefits involved, the chance of it being net negative are basically nil. It's not worth delaying. Probably not even worth the money and time to investigate.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by crznp on Thursday March 09, 2023 @11:08PM (#35090251)
It might not be worth the delay to investigate, but it is certainly worth the time and money. If it is an easy win in one case, how do you identify the hard wins?

Perhaps more importantly, you learn the biggest hurdles so that you can address them. For instance, the UK doesn't want its power to be at risk from political instability (more than it is already). That risk can be addressed in part by working with the local population: perhaps you allow for co-located grazing so you're not displacing herders. Perhaps encourage joint projects that also provide local power so that Moroccans benefit from the project (beyond just the ones in power).

What about security? It seems a bit concerning if 8% of UK's power can be knocked out in a single attack. How would you address that?

Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by pasttense01 on Friday March 10, 2023 @12:12AM (#35090642)
You keep existing fossil fuel generation facilities available. They will only be used at most a few days a year--or in situations like this where 8% of UK's power is knocked out in a single attack.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by akira2501 on Thursday March 09, 2023 @07:26PM (#35088883)
The costs are rooted in Africa, the benefits are exported to Europe. I feel like it's more a recognition of the colonial aspects of this project.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by flavius29663 on Thursday March 09, 2023 @07:35PM (#35088940)
Africa gets a lot of jobs they would otherwise never get. How is exporting your labor something bad? Countries try hard to get more exports, but once an African country does so, it's bad all of the sudden.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by gisely on Thursday March 09, 2023 @07:58PM (#35089127)
Depends on how that labor is valued. Just because a project creates jobs with export value in country doesn’t mean that project is a net benefit for the people of that country. A project like a waste reprocessing facility might create exportable labor for the country that hosts it, while simultaneously harming the health or people who work in the facility and those who live around it. Does it generally make for a just system if rich countries are allowed place facilities they don’t want in poor ones?

I think the answer depends on how well labor in those countries is rewarded for working at such facilities. So I certainly hope countries that are considering hosting those projects drive a hard bargain on price, starting by acknowledging that what they are giving up is real. The land use is a real concern, yes even in the desert.

Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by flavius29663 on Thursday March 09, 2023 @08:14PM (#35089233)
This is not a waste processing plant though. Even waste processing can be lucrative, Sweden buys trash to burn from neighboring countries. How can people say with a straight face that land use in the Sahara is a concern is beyond me. I guess global warming really is over-hyped, if we got to worry about land use in Sahara.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by ClumsyPilot on Thursday March 09, 2023 @09:00PM (#35089537)
> The land use is a real concern, yes even in the desert.

Could you probide some examples of these concerns?

Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by belltaco on Thursday March 09, 2023 @08:17PM (#35089257)
That makes no sense, that's like saying the costs of oil are rooted in Saudi Arabia, Oman, UAE, Russia etc. and all the benefits go to other countries. Those countries have immensely benefited from selling oil to the world. How is solar power different?
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by vineyardmike on Thursday March 09, 2023 @09:42PM (#35089804)
The environmental cost of oil is global while the wealth and profits are concentrated in those nations. It’s the opposite problem.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by dmix on Thursday March 09, 2023 @09:51PM (#35089864)
As opposed to what alternative? Would we rather Iran/Russia/etc be poorer or redistribute the wealth to other countries as if oil isn't a geographic right? Punish oil nationalization or pro-nationalize but be more like Venezuela where everyone gets even poorer despite a boom in oil prices?

I don't see who this is an 'inverse problem' without a realistic alternative.

Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by akira2501 on Friday March 10, 2023 @01:52AM (#35091257)
> Those countries have immensely benefited from selling oil to the world.

I certainly wouldn't assume they have "western" working conditions there.

So, yea, "some" have greatly benefited. There's a really common pattern to who those lucky few are; too, history hasn't changed here.

This is the typical blindness caused by any propaganda.

Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by oceanplexian on Thursday March 09, 2023 @09:43PM (#35089809)
It’s geopolitically a terrible idea. Didn’t anyone learn any lessons from COVID about globalization? Or the Russia-Ukraine War? Even among countries that are close allies (EU) energy politics are a huge problem and countries that import energy always get the short end of the stick when there is a conflict of interest with the exporting country.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by anticodon on Thursday March 09, 2023 @11:22PM (#35090353)
How is Russia-Ukraine war relates to that? Is it even a war (neither Russia nor Ukraine declared a war officially)?

USA works for many years on destroying German industry. Starting from not allowing to build gas pipelines from Russia to Germany and eventually destroying them (I don't think that even brainwashed western population believes in that bullshit theory that 5 guys on a yacht destroyed Nord Stream). To the Volkswagen emissions scandal and plundering Deutsche Bank.

Russia always wanted to be a friend with Germany because that would be highly beneficial to both parties. USA always looked for a way to make that never happen and to destroy German industry.

USA succeeded, Germany has a bleak future ahead. But that is only tangentially related to energy import/export.

Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by kataklasm on Friday March 10, 2023 @05:11AM (#35092597)
Stop spreading FUD.

> Is it even a war Even Russian state-sponsored media/propaganda calls it a war these days. Denying the "Special Military Operation", as Putin wants it called, its approriate label of "war" only acts to support Russian propaganda and lies. Call it a war, because that's what it is. The 380th day of war of Putin's 3-day spec^Wwar.

> [USA] eventually destroying [Nord Stream] Who the actor for the destruction of Nord Stream was is still unknown, there have been multiple different stories about it now, all of them with some plausible and inplausible parts about them.

> Russia always wanted to be a friend with Germany Russia doesn't want to be friends with anyone. They (Putin and his mistresses) only strive to become a political, military and geographical superpower again using the same tactics other tyrants like Kim Jong-un are using.

Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by Forestessential on Thursday March 09, 2023 @07:55PM (#35089094)
they would be better off finding a use for the power in Africa. It like they have to pipe it in from so far just to... have it worthwhile. smh terribly thought.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by Dylan16807 on Thursday March 09, 2023 @09:04PM (#35089553)
No they wouldn't. If local users want power then install more panels in addition to the UK panels.
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by SOLAR_FIELDS on Thursday March 09, 2023 @09:27PM (#35089699)
It’s actually probably the opposite because of that - people in Africa now might have this as an accessible option simply because the UK went through all of the trouble to stand up the infrastructure. Even if the resources from the project itself don’t get reused all of the knowledge and derisking gained from demonstrating the concept has some intangible value
Re:$22B project to provide 8% of UK energy via undersea cabl... by pasttense01 on Friday March 10, 2023 @12:16AM (#35090659)
See this map:

https://www.altestore.com/diy-solar-resources/solar-insolati...

Most of the rest of Africa has as good or better solar potential than these two countries.