type Character_Histogram is Array (range 'A'..'Z') of Integer;
  -- syntax may be off, not enough practice to do this cold right now

  type
    TPerson = record
      name: string;
      age: integer;
    end;
    TThrteenPersons = array[10..22] of TPerson;

  procedure Check(const aPerson: TPerson);
  var
    vPerson: TThrteenPersons;
  begin
    vPerson[11] := aPerson; // this is ok
    vPerson[1] := aPerson; // this one gives compile error
  end;

  Histogram : Character_Histogram;
  ...
  Histogram['A'] := Histogram['A'] + 1;

This modern pascal is very feature rich and has plenty of fancy bells and whistles.

So you can have arrays where the index runs from -10 to +20 or from +7 to +26 for instance. Booleans are also ordinal types so you can have an array where the index is boolean.

  type Colors is (Red, Green, Blue, Black, Gray, White);

And finally VHDL is strongly typed. Verilog is pretty much C-typed meaning it's pretty weak. About a dozen years ago I worked at an EDA company and one of my tasks was to run our generated HDL code through a popular industry linting tool. There were hundreds linting problems with the Verilog code that needed to be fixed. In the VHDL code there were only a couple of things that needed to be addressed - this was mostly due to VHDL's strong type system preventing many of the problems that showed up on the Verilog side.

That idea was neatly generalized 30 years ago. So expect it to start showing up as the hot new thing in another 20.

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Refe...

In Java too, don’t know about other languages though...

The benefit of this in Ada is that it is universal, and it requires the programmer to do nothing special later on except to not turn off the runtime checks. Using that above example, this would be a runtime error:

  Reading : Integer := Get_A_Reading(...); -- In some run Reading gets 0 for some reason
  Temperature : OperatingTemp;

  ...
  Temperature := OperatingTemp'Value(Reading); --  runtime error in Ada if Reading is invalid

  Temperature := Reading; -- doesn't compile

  class Thermostat {
    private int temperature; // should only be in [33,90]
    public void SetTemperature(int value) { // check range and set }
    public void AnotherMethod(int value) {
      // good discipline would be:
      SetTemperature(f(value));
      // but it's not strictly required so this is also allowed
      temperature = f(value);
    }
  }

If a civil engineer had access to concrete but he chose to build with mashed potato instead he would be considered insane. Yet programmers with access to Ada choose JavaScript and it's considered perfectly normal.