Rockets and the rocket fuel are also in the "easy to substitute" category. They'll never not be hydrocarbons, but significant work has been done on producing rocket-compatible fuels from biological sources, and the marginal increase in cost if you scaled up to industrial production is possibly going to be entirely unnoticeable considering the general purity and refining requirements of anything you load into a spacecraft.

This, similarly, is also the answer when it comes to aviation by and large. The real problems on Earth are ground transportation and electricity.

How do the biological propellants compare in terms of stability? Maybe not an issue for launches, but I'm curious about their viability in satellite thrusters that hang out for years/decades (although this is a digression from the GRG emission concern)

Satellite thrusters generally use stable hypergolics, to avoid the need for an ignition system, or electric systems such as ion or Hall thrusters.

Hydrogen as the only fuel was in the X-33 project, which technically had a lot of success (before finally closing).