Rockets and the rocket fuel are also in the "easy to substitute" category. They'll never not be hydrocarbons, but significant work has been done on producing rocket-compatible fuels from biological sources, and the marginal increase in cost if you scaled up to industrial production is possibly going to be entirely unnoticeable considering the general purity and refining requirements of anything you load into a spacecraft.

This, similarly, is also the answer when it comes to aviation by and large. The real problems on Earth are ground transportation and electricity.