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A great workout that only requires an exercise bike is:
- 4-5min of biking, sprinting for 30sec every minute.
- no break, 20 push-ups, 20 squats, 20 crunches
- ~1min break, repeat the above two more times
The result should be a ~20min strength building exercise that is easy on the joints and gets a nice heartrate/endorphin spike.
You're probably not going to run into issues with that low of an intensity (20 pushups is not nothing, but if you stop at 20 every time, it's not like you'll keep making the imbalance worse) but adding another few exercises will only add like 5 mins total to your workout, and will give better overall results
Done correctly body weight alone can allow one to achieve great strength. In fact, it’s probably superior on account of gymnasts can easily do weight lifting exercises while weight training doesn’t really transfer to gymnastics.
I definitely made noticeable strength gains with his program I did it from like 18-23/4. Biggest regret of my life giving it up but that's another story!
But, if you want to run marathons or triathlons, google "alex viada the Hybrid Athlete." He's a bodybuilder who maintains his muscle mass and strength while also doing triathlons. He has a background in biochemistry and works in pharmaceuticals. At least he used to. I'm not sure if he still does.
Anecdotally, when cycling in the city it's usually shorter rides with high intensity hill climbs and sprints, but after an 18 hour, 300km ride in the country last summer, it took me weeks to get that climbing/sprinting power back, that one big ride made me substantially weaker.