If you add a checked exception to a function, your code will not compile and the compiler errors will tell you everything that is affected.
Java checked exceptions are (were?) a wonderful feature that was wrongly dissed for the same reason Java types and IDEs were dissed. It forced people to handle exceptions or pass them up the call stack but they had to be dealt with. And IDEs were aware of them so not catching or rethrowing was immediately flagged by the IDE.
I give it five years until Typescript and peers adds checked exceptions.
TypeScript definitely won't add checked exceptions, because Anders Hejlsberg considers them a mistake[0].
[0] https://www.artima.com/articles/the-trouble-with-checked-exc...
Last I checked If I change a signature or something in Java, I am not guaranteed the whole thing "checks". If I add a new exception to a function, how do I know what else is effected?