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Re:Why does the USA use 110V and UK use 230-240V? by dfox on Tuesday August 29, 2023 @09:48AM (#37307892)
The split phase arrangement comes from Edison's DC systems. For large installations they found out that the losses were unacceptable and solved thet by running the lighting on 220V with sets of two 110V bulbs in series, usually combined with some somewhat funky wiring scheme in order to even more reduce the required wiring cross-section (it is somewhat reminiscent of later British ring mains construction and strikingly similar to various arrangements for powering long LED strips). This is also the reason why it is somewhat common for the US commercial lighting to use 220V.

Three phase for residental connection is pretty much a standard everywhere with 230/400V system. Only small flats and really small houses get single phase. This is because the 230/400V output of the larger distribution transformer is inherently threephase and this gets distributed to essentially all the points of connection and the only reason why there are single phase residental connection is that they are slightly cheaper (both in terms of fixed monthly payment for capacity and in terms of initial installation costs). While in US the input to the typical residental pole/pedestal mounted local distribution transformer is already single phase, so you cannot really get three phases without running additional wires to the substation (and probably also having you own dedicated distribution transformer) and thus in a residantal area you are simply stuck with split-phase.

Re:Why does the USA use 110V and UK use 230-240V? by MrBuddyCasino on Tuesday August 29, 2023 @11:14AM (#37309142)
Another thing Americans miss out on - the "boost" function on modern induction stoves. Since the oven usually gets one phase and the cooking fields get two dedicated phases of the 400V lines, you can use "boost" to steal power from the other phase. Water boils even faster than in a tea kettle!
Re:Why does the USA use 110V and UK use 230-240V? by andersa on Tuesday August 29, 2023 @11:24AM (#37309296)
Sure would be nice to have some kind of hyper boost setting. There's a 3 phase connection, so why don't they use it? Time to heat that one pot of water with 11 kW.
Re:Why does the USA use 110V and UK use 230-240V? by Ekaros on Tuesday August 29, 2023 @11:43AM (#37309601)
Having 3 different inducting circuits would be hard to fit and make less even heating distribution. Also I think they would induct to each other. Also 11 kW could be dangerous with empty containers that is quite a bit of power. Like resistive heaters get red hot at lower power.
Re:Why does the USA use 110V and UK use 230-240V? by andersa on Tuesday August 29, 2023 @04:26PM (#37313483)
There are actually some stoves out there that can use two phases for one large pot, reaching 7.2kW. For example, Miele stoves with the "PowerFlex" feature do this (that is quite the big brain name given the context).

Since it is possible to do for two phases, why wouldn't it also work for 3? More power!

Re:Why does the USA use 110V and UK use 230-240V? by dtgriscom on Tuesday August 29, 2023 @02:12PM (#37311697)
Re:Why does the USA use 110V and UK use 230-240V? by Kirby64 on Tuesday August 29, 2023 @11:53AM (#37309745)
What do you mean? Comparing a UK Bosch induction hob with a US one, they both seem to offer roughly 2.5kW of power in normal mode, and both offers a "boost" functionality that boosts the output temporarily to 3.6kW.

Stove outlets can handle 12kW in the US... So there's plenty of power to go around. Built in outlets can go even higher, with 240V/60A being somewhat common for larger appliances.

Re:Why does the USA use 110V and UK use 230-240V? by MrBuddyCasino on Tuesday August 29, 2023 @01:18PM (#37310975)
It is hard to find numbers, but combining phases is definitely how it works for some models, eg Miele PowerFlex uses "booster output of up to 7.4 kW" [0]. This is why you can only use it for one field.

> Stove outlets can handle 12kW

wasn't aware, in that case I was wrong, good for them

[0] https://www.miele.co.th/domestic/1512.htm?&&&info=200004302-...

Re:Why does the USA use 110V and UK use 230-240V? by sbradford26 on Tuesday August 29, 2023 @11:58AM (#37309822)
American induction cooktops also have boost functionality. All boost does is temporarily increases the power output usually at the expense of other elements. Power isn't "stolen" from other phases. Usually the reason why the cooktop cannot be in boost mode the entire time is cooling related.

https://www.subzero-wolf.com/assistance/answers/wolf/common/...

Re:Why does the USA use 110V and UK use 230-240V? by chinchilla2020 on Tuesday August 29, 2023 @07:00PM (#37315307)
It's just increasing the power draw. There is no concept of 'stealing power from another phase'
Re:Why does the USA use 110V and UK use 230-240V? by bruckie on Tuesday August 29, 2023 @01:36PM (#37311227)
> solved thet by running the lighting on 220V with sets of two 110V bulbs in series

Sounds like an exciting day when one of your bulbs burns out!

Re:Why does the USA use 110V and UK use 230-240V? by bitdivision on Tuesday August 29, 2023 @02:18PM (#37311758)
Bulbs normally burn out open, breaking the circuit. And in the unusual case that they don't, I would imagine the thin wires leading to the filament will melt, also breaking the circuit.

And if all else fails you your circuit breaker should flip.

If bulbs normally failed short, then you'd have circuit breaker's flipping a lot more often.

Re:Why does the USA use 110V and UK use 230-240V? by eythian on Wednesday August 30, 2023 @11:50AM (#37323975)
They can be a little spectacular when they fail short. My last incandescent (a bathroom light) did it a few weeks ago, exploding the glass of the bulb and popping the breaker for my downstairs circuit.
Re:Why does the USA use 110V and UK use 230-240V? by jefftk on Tuesday August 29, 2023 @02:27PM (#37311867)
Why? A burned-out bulb fails closed not open.

If it failed open then a bulb burning out would trip the circuit breaker.

Re:Why does the USA use 110V and UK use 230-240V? by sokoloff on Tuesday August 29, 2023 @03:11PM (#37312428)
> Why? A burned-out bulb fails closed not open.

In electrical circuit terminology, "open" means "not connected" while "closed" means "connected/shorted".

That's different from direct translation of Chinese (and I think several European languages) where "open the light" means to turn it on (by closing the circuit, naturally).

I think it's most common English engineering usage (by far) to say that a burned out lamp fails open [circuit].

Re:Why does the USA use 110V and UK use 230-240V? by jefftk on Tuesday August 29, 2023 @03:28PM (#37312670)
Whoops, sorry, I had them reversed!
Re:Why does the USA use 110V and UK use 230-240V? by sokoloff on Tuesday August 29, 2023 @03:58PM (#37313078)
Interesting/random side note: modern mini Christmas light bulbs do burn out (mostly) closed: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MOpfT0f7bQ&t=179s
Re:Why does the USA use 110V and UK use 230-240V? by unethical_ban on Tuesday August 29, 2023 @03:12PM (#37312449)
To close a circuit is to connect it, correct? So when the filament burns out, the circuit breaks, which is an open circuit, correct?
Re:Why does the USA use 110V and UK use 230-240V? by somat on Wednesday August 30, 2023 @11:10PM (#37332009)
If you want exciting look up floating neutral.

the neutral grounds both sides of the split phase and mainly serves to carry current when the load on each phase is unbalanced. when the neutral is cut off from ground all current has to be carried by the phase. if the loads are balanced, everything appears fine. when it is not you end up with a spooky electrical system. as now you have a series connection with a built in voltage divider. on one side the voltage will be too high on the other too low.

Re:Why does the USA use 110V and UK use 230-240V? by sokoloff on Tuesday August 29, 2023 @03:08PM (#37312388)
> solved thet by running the lighting on 220V with sets of two 110V bulbs in series

A related tip is to build a "dim bulb tester" to help you diagnose short circuits on mains-powered equipment. I have a traditional incandescent lightbulb in a porcelain socket wired in series with an outlet (and a switch). A non-shorted load will tend to work pretty well as the cold/cool incandescent bulb is fairly low resistance in series with the load. A shorted load will light up the light bulb brightly but not trip any breakers, allowing the opportunity to do some troubleshooting on the bench.

I've also used this concept several times to find short circuits in house wiring. Put the dim bulb tester in series with the circuit that's shorted and then, using a non-contact voltage tester, find where the measurement on the NCVT changes. That's likely where your short is.

In building such a device, you're on your own liability-wise; please don't be dumb.

Re:Why does the USA use 110V and UK use 230-240V? by mindslight on Tuesday August 29, 2023 @06:41PM (#37315100)
[delayed]