However, religious people are more likely to attend regular religious services, where they are likely to develop social connections. As social animals, social connections are great for our physical and mental well being. This is probably one of the factors that leads to religious people living longer, happier lives (Association of Religious Service Attendance With Mortality Among Women https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullar...)
You got the citation you wanted?
For example: New-ish research is showing that some surgeries are no better than placebo. https://www.painscience.com/biblio/four-orthopedic-surgeries...
Another fun example is that allergy drugs, which clinical trials have shown are effective in double-blind studies, are less effective if you watch an ad saying that drug is bad right before taking it. Nocebo effect. If you have a strong belief the drug works, it will work better. Placebo effect is strong even in drugs we know are not placebo. https://freakonomics.com/podcast/is-the-placebo-effect-for-r...
And then you have the whole field of management and business books. Very close to a sort of federated decentralized religion.
With religion, "god did it" and "god works in mysterious ways" is always the answer and behaviors can't be adjusted.
Why do we do these needless surgeries? God works in mysterious ways.
More importantly, we have evidence that believing something, anything, is really good for the human psyche. You can pull a meaning out of your arse tomorrow morning and that leads to better psychological outcomes than no meaning. Even something as simple as “I need to keep this potted plant alive” will work.
Viktor Frankl’s work is a good intro to that topic.
Does that sound like religion has helped these people “improve their daily actions”?
For many of us “crapping” on religion is not some metaphorical concept, but a direct reaction to bullying, harassment, and otherwise disdainful treatment at the hands of the devout.
I was about 10 when stumbled upon carbon dating (being already familiar with children adaptation of Old Testament from grandma's library), at at that point it was clear Christianity is horseshit and the biggest mistery became why so many people still believe a fairy tale.
The Ussher and other timelines are examples of making the incomplete and conflicting data of ages and lineages given in the text fit a pre-conceived idea, that being the Earth is was created by God and Adam placed on it in the Garden of Eden, and the date of the creation is therefore just prior to Adam's creation. Given that assumption, the biblical literalists and young earth creationist have invented a timeline that ignores the inconsistencies, fills in gaps, and basically plays hash with anything in the actual text.
Certainly reading a children's version of the Bible will result in a child's conception of what the text says. I remember learning similar dumb ideas as a child. But now I'm an adult and I've expanded my knowledge to adult understanding. Yes, when I was a child, I spoke, thought, and reasoned like a child. Becoming an adult means giving up those childish things and bringing one's fully mature thinking and reasoning.
Holding on to a childish version of Biblical stories and a childish understanding of how believers think does a disservice to intellectual curiosity.
> If someone says they know there is a teapot in orbit around Proxima Centauri and I disagree with them, neither of us can prove or disprove the other. That doesn't mean we both have an equal claim to being right.
I agree with you. No person is rationally justified in believing in such a teapot without evidence. However, a teapot is a contingent thing. Meaning it's very existence depends on the existence of other things (tea, water, the ceramic material that makes it up, Proxima Centauri etc.)
I suspect (I could be wrong here) that you are tacitly implying that people who assert the existence of God are making a similar move.
Please keep in mind that God is by definition base-reality and non-contingent and so exists necessarily.
To illustrate the difference here with an analogy: If we witnessed an alternative rendition of a conversation between Romeo and Juliet where they attempted to prove the existence of Shakespeare, we wouldn't be surprised if they failed to find evidence for Shakespeare from within the play and their own character existence. But at the same time we would find their conclusion absurd if they thought they had successfully proved that Shakespeare did not exist. They are Romeo and Juliet after all.
OP was referring to "billions of people" with certain beliefs. Most of these people believe in God as an entity with a personality who intervenes in events on Earth. That kind of God doesn't have to exist by necessity.
On the other hand, if we define God as base reality, then God exists by definition. In that case why not just call it "reality" or "the universe"? When most people say they believe in God, I don't think they are saying they believe in the universe. I think they are making a stronger claim than that.
I don't get what the Romeo and Juliet example is supposed to show. The base reality for Romeo and Juliet is our physical world rather than the play world, and God is Shakespeare who exists contingently in base reality. Yes, it's impossible for them to prove that God (Shakespeare) doesn't exist. But what reasons could Romeo and Juliet have for believing that Shakespeare exists or that they are living in a play world rather than base reality? Unless Shakespeare explicitly writes evidence of his existence into the play, their claims are on the same footing as Russell's teapot.
> if we define God as base reality, then God exists by definition.
Right. You are stating the conception of God that is advanced by Judaism and Christianity. Its succinct expression is put forth by Thomas Aquinas and can also be found in the thinking of Aristotle.
To get even more concrete, the Roman Catholic Church teaches that God is ipsum esse subsistens or roughly subsistent being itself.
> In that case why not just call it "reality" or "the universe"?
I think you're touching on a good point. Let me take each case separately because I see them as slightly different:
>> ... why not just call it "reality" ...
You sort of can. As long we acknowledge that reality is made up of things that are more and less contingent. For example I'm looking at my headphones as I type. I can say 'these headphones are reality'. Even though these headphones are real, we both know that they would be a terrible candidate for base reality itself since the headphones can't explain their own existence and are clearly contingent on other things in being. (similar to the teapot)
>> ... why not just call it ..."the universe" ...
Typically when people say "the universe" they are implying the sum total of all material reality as we observe it.
The question is: is this the best or even a good candidate for base-reality. I think the answer is no for a very simple reason. The universe changes. energy changes form, objects change in an emergent phenomena we call time, they move through space, there are stars and not stars, and atoms and not atoms etc.
Everything else that we know of or can conceive of that changes as much as the universe does is coupled to a more fundamental reality that is the cause and explanation of the change.
So the universe is real, like the headphones, it just can't be the best candidate for base-reality itself.
So what is a good candidate for base reality?
* For starters there is only one base-realty. If there were 2 or more then you would need something more fundamental to distinguish them.
* Whatever this base reality is, it's utterly simple. It has no parts since parts would require distinctions and more fundamental explanations to identify them.
* Base reality needs to be outside time and space, because of the whole can't change thing I eluded to earlier.
* Finally, anything that has the potential to actually exist in reality, is in some weird way already present in base-realty. This is just a different way of saying that base-reality is the cause (directly or indirectly) of all things. cause of all possible potential things -> all possible potentials -> all-potentials -> omni-potentials -> omnipotent.
So, by necessity there must be a base-reality that is at a minimum: one, simple, eternal, immaterial, and omnipotent.
We then assign (like a reference pointer :^) ), the english word God to whatever this best candidate for base reality is, being sure to acknowledge that we are really dealing with the best candidate.
const God = (maximally full expression of base reality)
> I don't get what the Romeo and Juliet example shows.
Apologies if this is not helpful. I offered this analogy to get closer the proper definition of God that I outlined above. In the same way Romeo and Juliet can never step outside of the play, we can nonetheless see that Shakespeare is the their creator and is in a sense closer to Romeo and Juliet then they are to themselves. You and I cannot step outside of base reality but it should be obvious that we are held in existence by something that is more fundamental then ourselves.
> Its succinct expression is put forth by Thomas Aquinas and can also be found in the thinking of Aristotle.
And its succinct refutation was put forth by Hume and Kant!
That's more than enough to safely say that belief is full of shit. Unless it's a religion, then you have to respect it
Everywhere else "that belief goes against thermodynamics" is good enough argument to consider the belief bonkers
Edit: what OP may have wanted to say is that « following a religion is a make-believe that also makes you believe what you do is good ». Which is not much more reassuring either (but an apt « mise en abyme » observation of what religion without a sane self-criticism can become)
Self-criticism, humility, ability to take a step back on one's own belief system with its intrinsic limits and issues are. Which is often harder for fundamentalists, whatever their base is.
As an entrenched atheist (and by definition an atheist is also an individualist), by love, I attended mass most sundays for several years. I understood that I underrated the community part and that to belong I didn’t need to believe only respect. I didn’t convert (and most likely never will) but it softened my views.
No? By definition an atheist doesn't believe in the supernatural or divinity. Nothing about that proscribes individualism, nor does community presuppose religion or "softening one's views" on the existence of the supernatural, as you have. Plenty of atheists are also social people who enjoy the benefits of community, while remaining perfectly comfortable in their skin.
The primary benefits seem to be the sense of belonging, support, purpose, and convenient explanations that difficult circumstances in their lives have a higher meaning.
It’s not for me, probably not for a lot of people in this comment section, but it’s clear to me from my experience that a lot of people do derive significant benefit from their religion. If you can’t understand why that might be the case for other people, you might be projecting too much of your own personality and circumstances on to others.
That said, I have always been fascinated by the fictional religion of Bokononism, which is centered around "Foma". Foma are beliefs that are acknowledged to be untrue, but which will make your life better if you believe them (or act as if you believed them) anyway. I find the metacognitive aspect intriguing.
Citation needed.
Edit: the fact that this is being downvoted is hilarious. Religion is a helluva drug.