"We conclude by noting that biology has always served and will continue to serve as a great inspiration to develop methods for achieving lower-power and real-time learning systems. However, just as birds in nature may have inspired modern aeronautics technology, we eventually moved in new directions and capabilities for faster travel, larger carrying capacities and entirely different fuelling requirements. Similarly, in computing, modern application needs to go beyond those faced in nature, such as searching large databases, efficiently scheduling resources or solving highly coupled sets of differential equations. Interestingly, some of the observed characteristics in memristors may similarly provide ‘beyond biology’ opportunities in computing, taking advantage of the novel device dynamical behaviour and the network topology inspired by biology. In this regard, concepts such as the memory processing unit represent truly exciting opportunities down the road. To achieve these and other new computing systems of the future will require persistent and creative research that goes beyond any single discipline, and must include insights from neuroscience, physics, chemistry, computer science, and electrical and computer engineering, among others."