When the NSA intercepts it on the wire, under the presumption of investigating international terrorists (presumably in near-real-time) and the then shares it [0] with domestic three-letter-agencies, does it matter that they need a warrant to get it from "provider" (Google, etc.)?

[0] http://mobile.nytimes.com/2016/02/26/us/politics/obama-admin...

This law applies to all email communications, including those between U.S. persons. The article you linked to talks about incidental data about U.S. persons collected by means other than "from a wire on American soil." Specifically, the NSA collection extends to:

> [The] contents of the phone calls and email the security agency vacuums up around the world, including bulk collection of satellite transmissions, communications between foreigners as they cross network switches in the United States, and messages acquired overseas or provided by allies.

Except if you dare to use encryption. Then it becomes "foreign" even if the endpoints are domestic.

Source?

Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015: section 309 [0]

"A covered communication shall not be retained in excess of 5 years, unless ... (iii) the communication is enciphered or reasonably believed to have a secret meaning;"

[0] https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4681...

That does not refute my point above. Section 309 only applies to incidentally acquired communication that is collected via the routes mentioned above. It does not allow the NSA to collect traffic between domestic endpoints just because it is encrypted.

"covered communication" is defined in the prior page (309.a). The definition stands alone, regardless of how "incidentally" appears on the same page, it makes no reference to proceeding limitation or definitions.

"...any nonpublic telephone or electronic communication acquired without the consent of a person who is a party to the communication, including communications in electronic storage."

You don't ignore section headings when reading laws. Besides that, nothing in that section discusses granting authority to collect "covered communication." The section is discussing the retention policies of communications collected by some authorized manner.

> You don't ignore section headings when reading laws.

You do when you are interpreting the laws. They're labels that carry as much weight as subsection markers. To say otherwise would imply that the "Patriot Act" by another name would be interpreted differently, or that bullet point "1" is more important that "2".

> nothing in that section discusses granting authority

Correct, it is a direction to those that already have such authority. While I enjoy the legal equivalent to the underhanded C contest as much as the next guy, the events that spawned this legislation make debating the finer points of section headings seem pretty silly.

You might recall that the NSA has a curious definition of "collect". They use "collect" where most of us would use "search the existing massive database that we already collected".

But collection is sweeping and worldwide (including domestic). We know that already.

Right. Bottom line: Securely encrypt end-to-end, if you want privacy. Or not. Either way, bet on stuff being retained.

Could Congress pass a law to reclassify domestic encrypted communications as domestic?

If it overrides Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015: section 309.

See woodman's post: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=11586178

Regardless of how you feel about a polarizing issue, I don't think anybody on any side has ever claimed that. Pretty big thread derail risk with this one, too.

Wow, well let me ruin your day: you are wrong. Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015: section 309.

"A covered communication shall not be retained in excess of 5 years, unless ... (iii) the communication is enciphered or reasonably believed to have a secret meaning;"

I'm actually not, and 'rayiner is doing a pretty good job of explaining why in the second place you cited that law (for some reason), so I will not repeat that thread derailment.

Yeah, discussing domestic surveillance legislation in a thread linked to an article covering the latest domestic surveillance legislation is way off topic.

A serious question here: has anyone reading this been arrested, prosecuted or otherwise harassed because of email contents obtained by the NSA? I am not in favor or warrantless searches, but it feels more and more like the tech community treats the NSA like Eastasia.

I certainly could be wrong, thus the question.

It's very hard to say, because of the use of parallel construction. We know very little about what the NSA does with its data; even members of Congress are being denied access to this information. But we do know for a fact that the DEA has prosecuted people based on information they received from the NSA.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_construction http://www.reuters.com/article/us-dea-sod-idUSBRE97409R20130...

Tech people should be concerned about this because we are the ones with the knowledge necessary to do something about it. Because there's no transparency, it's impossible to tell how many people have been harmed by the violation of their privacy. It may be that nobody here is in that group: hacker news readers are probably mostly white and upper-middle class, not usually a target demographic. But if we don't do something about invasions of privacy, no one will, because no one else is capable.

Downvoted? But no answer? Seems to prove my point that the knee-jerk hatred of the NSA ought to be backed by some real world facts.

You appear to be ignoring the fact that even if you consider the NSA's work benevolent, it is only benevolent to US citizens. Meanwhile lots of us on here are, in fact, not US citizens, especially at this time of day. So the NSA's activities are all negative, no positive to non-Americans.

Hm, kinda strange, I was always under the impression that we didn't quite yet have a public consensus that there's an expectation of privacy in email. Like, not everyone really expects that a given email won't be read by some third party.

>Hm, kinda strange, I was always under the impression that we didn't quite yet have a public consensus that there's an expectation of privacy in email. Like, not everyone really expects that a given email won't be read by some third party.

Never understood those US ideas on such matters. Nobody would want/expect/wont be furious to find out their two party communication was read by somebody else who wasn't meant to get it (and I don't mean show to some third person by your correspondent).

It's not gauging the public belief/sentiment on the matter, but BS ad-hoc "interpretations" of legacy laws allowed courts/pundits to even make such inane claims that people don't expect privacy for their mails.

If we're talking about expectations, then how about them asking people what they expect DIRECTLY (eg with a state/national poll) instead of some court deciding.

I think you fail to account for the fact that we are talking about Constitutional issues. We are not talking about what is an appropriate level of privacy protection under the law. We are talking about what is the minimum standard where a 200-year old document trumps the policies of a democratically elected government.

We are also deciding that question on the basis of a phrase ("reasonable expectation of privacy") that doesn't even appear in that 200 year old document.

That 200 year old document IS the policy of a democratically elected government. The age of the document has no relevance. It's just as valid today as it has ever been.

Well, I wouldn't put much emphasis on "democratically elected government".

Between gerrymandering, faulty or "faulty" voting machines, modern campaign practices that require millions of dollars to run and stick your "branding" to the minds of voters, and even more important, a system that pretty much guarantees no-one can rise to validly compete grass-roots unless they belong to the two parties -- it's nothing to write home about.

That a 200+ year old document is held as some kind of "holy scripture" of governance and that centuries old dead statesmen are seen in a romantic light as "founding fathers" and guiding spirits (paternalism much?), is even less indicating of a rational modern democracy.

> It's just as valid today as it has ever been.

This line of thinking is the source of lots of problems. The document has been amended 27 times. It's not infallible.

I was being sarcastic, since everyone knows exactly how people would react to their emails being read by an unattended human, and exactly how much privacy the typical person expects, but Poe's Law and all...

Yes in this case you were too cool for school. You gotta give us some hint. Look at poor 'rayiner up there, sincerely defending your sarcastic proposition!

We don't.[1] But expectation of privacy is a 4th amendment concept. Congress can extend greater protections to email by statute than the Constitution requires.

[1] In fact, I think it's ridiculous to say that there is an expectation of privacy in something like GMail, which a third party not only can read but actively mines for personal data about you.

I think it's perfectly reasonable to expect that only Google has access to your stored emails. Not just any government agency whose lawyer drafts a letter.

Would you permit the government, or any random person off the street to remove money from your bank account, just because you've authorized your bank to do so?

Snail mail is also sent by postmen (who can open and read it, or just read it if its a postcard), and telegraphs (still a thing?) are dictated to someone. That doesn't mean people expect or would like having them read by a non-involved person, outside of those necessary reasons for their delivery.

If "expectation" is the criterion, how about actually asking people what they actually expect with a poll of sorts?

The whole "expectation of privacy" as a metric is bogus.

Then again, those are the same people who read gun laws regarding "militias" as valid for 20-21st century individuals (and I'm not saying this as someone anti-gun -- just that, if you like guns and want them, just pass a law saying that, not use some 3 century old unrelated law as an excuse with all the pomposity of the Supreme Court, as if some redneck with a liking for guns is part of a "well regulated militia").

By "gun laws regarding militias" I assume you mean the Second Amendment itself -- few statutes concerning or mentioning militias are used to justify general gun use, but the 2A is and there's an important reason why:

The founders envisioned a nation of citizen-defenders equipped and trained to protect their homes, farms, and neighborhoods from incursion by enemies, foreign or domestic. The Constitution states that the right to keep and bear arms is a prerequisite for a well-regulated militia, not the other way around. And it draws on prevailing notions from English law at the time (the UK, like the USA, didn't start moving to abolish or restrict gun rights until the beginning of the 20th century or thereabouts). This is more than some old, unrelated law; it is the supreme law of the land. If you do not think that it is applicable in the modern era, the solution is to agitate for repeal of the 2A, not to pretend that it doesn't exist or has been outmoded and complain when people act like it still is valid, active, enforceable law.

I'm not even speaking as someone who favors guns. But the Constitution is what it is, and if we don't like it we change it. If the government can get away with ignoring the Second Amendment and deciding it's no longer relevant, think of what they might do to the First Amendment. Or the Fourth. Or the Fifth. Or the Eighth. Or the Thirteenth.

Get the picture?

>The founders envisioned a nation of citizen-defenders equipped and trained to protect their homes, farms, and neighborhoods from incursion by enemies, foreign or domestic. The Constitution states that the right to keep and bear arms is a prerequisite for a well-regulated militia, not the other way around.

It doesn't just state that the right to bear arms is a prerequisite for a well-regulated militia.

It also uses the need of a militia as the _justification_ for that right.

It says: "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed."

This means that the right to bear arms is not an end in itself -- it's justified in as much as it's a first step to a well-regulated militia.

In an era without well-regulated citizen militias (except the National Guard, for which different guard laws apply anyway), there's no reason to hold the right to keep arms anymore.

So, yes, arms are a prerequisite to such militias -- but (the arms) are only asked to be respected as a right precisely because they are such a prerequisite -- and not for another reason.

Which makes the justification for guns and militias reciprocal. Without militias, and no role for them, no reason for the former either.

>But the Constitution is what it is, and if we don't like it we change it. If the government can get away with ignoring the Second Amendment and deciding it's no longer relevant, think of what they might do to the First Amendment. Or the Fourth. Or the Fifth. Or the Eighth. Or the Thirteenth.

I find keeping the "right to bear arms" in an era for which the justification for doing so given in the Constitution has expired, as the government already violating the spirit of the 2nd Amendment (to favor gun lobbies and such).

E.g. that reading of the 2A is a selective reading that upholds the letter while violating the spirit of it, from politically appointed and non impartial judges.

But the Constitution contains no qualification on the right to bear arms. It just says that right shall not be infringed. As long as that's standing law, any judge with a 2A case before them is going to look at the text of the Constitution and the Heller decision and rule that the Constitution protects an unqualified right to keep and bear arms. And anti-gun politicians are not going to get the Australia style total bans and confiscation sweeps they've been hoping for. The most they'll get is bikeshedding about the definition of an "assault weapon" and the like.

If what you say is true, and the militia is of no concern to us today, it should be easy enough to get an amendment passed that removes or curtails the right unconditionally protected by the 2A. It could even just be put out there and float around for as long as it takes the states to ratify it, like the 27th amendment did for centuries.

The process is there for a reason.

> It also uses the need of a militia as the _justification_ for that right.

If you believe the comments and the code are out of sync, change one. There's a patch procedure built in. Changing the interpreter to make the output match what you think the comment is saying while leaving the actual instructions intact just increases (tech / legal) debt.

My point exactly.

The concepts behind "well regulated militia" are still used to formulate regulations on weapons. In general, it's legal to buy the same gear infantrymen use. Scary black guns with ridiculous rails and accessories, knock yourself out. Sawed off shotguns, not so much.

Precisely. The anti 2A crowd throws a fit when one of their cherished amendments is attacked, but every amendment has equal validity. The first, for example doesn't separate church and state in as much as it prevents the state from establishing a religion (such as the Church of England.)

I am fine with separation of church and state, however the Constitution doesn't actually say that.

If we are to play contextual games (i.e. the militia context,) then that same contextualization would apply to the Church of England context of the first amendment.

I'm afraid there's no point in explaining this kind of stuff here. The prevailing opinion on HN is leftist. Few people are even willing to argue rationally, and since vitriol isn't tolerated, people just silently downvote, sweeping contrary views under the rug of grayness. The downvoters are drawn to grayed-out posts like sharks who smell blood in the water: a swimmer with a small cut soon attracts a school of sharks that massacre him, leaving nothing but an empty space where a comment once was. It's sad, and every time I see it, I question why I even have an account here.

The whole expectation of privacy metric is bogus. It was a gloss added to the 4th amendment by a liberal court. Its not in the text.

As for our deference to this centuries old document: we do it because the Constitution is the only thing that overcomes the democratic will. When the Supreme Court struck down bans on interracial marriage as unconstitutional, the vast majority of Americans were opposed to it.

> The whole expectation of privacy metric is bogus.

Yes and no.

"[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches..." can very reasonably be read as an expectation of privacy. "The government will not, without due cause, search your papers and effects" is a very fair paraphrasing.

Only people that want to read your email without your consent believe that. Well, they don't, they just say it.

They say it about everything, by the way, and make a judge explicitly invalidate it.

Thanks for the clarification. I was wondering about that wording.

But what about ... exactly 180 days old? =)

Actually it would be a bit more accurate to say the bill completely eliminates any 180 day distinction.

Current law: "A governmental entity may require the disclosure by a provider of electronic communication service of the contents of a wire or electronic communication, that is in electronic storage in an electronic communications system for one hundred and eighty days or less, only pursuant to a warrant issued using the procedures described in the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure (or, in the case of a State court, issued using State warrant procedures) by a court of competent jurisdiction. A governmental entity may require the disclosure by a provider of electronic communications services of the contents of a wire or electronic communication that has been in electronic storage in an electronic communications system for more than one hundred and eighty days by the means available under subsection (b) of this section." 18 U.S. Code § 2703(a) - https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2703

Bill replaces with: "Except as provided in subsections (i) and (j), a governmental entity may require the disclosure by a provider of electronic communication service of the contents of a wire or electronic communication that is in electronic storage with or otherwise stored, held, or maintained by that service only if the governmental entity obtains a warrant issued using the procedures described in the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure (or, in the case of a State court, issued using State warrant procedures) that— (1) is issued by a court of competent jurisdiction; and (2) may indicate the date by which the provider must make the disclosure to the governmental entity. In the absence of a date on the warrant indicating the date by which the provider must make disclosure to the governmental entity, the provider shall promptly respond to the warrant." H.R.699 — 114th Congress (2015-2016) - https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/699/...