Apple considers it a security issue, so presumably they have figured out attacks that exploit dynamic library loading.
In general though, "Because another platform does it" isn't always a good argument for a particular feature in a platform, particularly when that choice involves a tradeoff. Taken to an extreme, you would end up with a lowest common denominator of samey platforms that just copy each other's design decisions.
In this case Apple has decided that security is a top priority for them even if it comes at a price in terms of developer convenience. Other platforms are free to make different tradeoffs, and that gives users and developers a diverse choice of distinctive platforms available to them. This is a good thing. iOS doesn't have to become Android any more than Android has to become iOS.
- Epoch OS
- Symbian
- Windows CE/Pocket PC
- Windows Phone 7/8
- Android
- Blackberry
- Bada
The above vendors do have/had secure deployments mechanisms despite support for dynamic libraries.
It is also sad state of affairs that Objective-C builds up on C's tradition of not having proper namespace support.