I was told it is part of the web startup, full-stack hipster vocabulary, because "shim" is just not cool enough and a new word was needed.
"Shim, to me, meant a piece of code that you could add that would fix some functionality, but it would most often have it’s own API. I wanted something you could drop in and it would silently work (remember the old shim.gif? that required you actually inserted the image to fix empty td cells – I wanted something that did that for me automatically).
I knew what I was after wasn’t progressive enhancement because the baseline that I was working to required JavaScript and the latest technology. So that existing term didn’t work for me."
Kind of like a façade then[1]? A shim would probably be synonymous with an (very informal) adapter.
I was really confused about the word "polyfill," which the author used without explanation. Since I've written code to render filled polygons before (concavity is a fun corner case), I assumed this was what it was referring to, and I was really confused about how that's even remotely relevant. Wikipedia finally straightened me out [1].
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfill