Europe has much higher costs of gasoline than the USA. They still don't have roads full of electric cars.
yet. Government subsidizes 100% electrical cars heavily in the form of low / no road taxes or lease tax, and with a high amount of <100 km commuter traffic, electrical cars with their limited range make sense.
For example: Will you tax diesel as well? If not, then people will switch to that, with poor results for our air quality.
If yes, then suddenly every since thing you buy will be more expensive, since it's all shipped.
And those are just the first two things that popped into mind - there will be a LOT more consequences.
Also shipping is starting to switch to natural gas; you may think this a good or a bad thing, but a tax on diesel would increase that.
You can discriminate between uses in a way similar to this: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_diesel#reddiesel
From an environmental standpoint it's going to lead to a greater reduction in fossil fuel use in the aggregate, assuming it sees the same pattern of takeup as the Prius did.