Furthermore, you do need to be registered to vote. Which requires proof in and of itself, then a form of photo ID at the booth to prove that you are that registered person. As a result, we have virtually zero voting fraud.
So voter ID would do absolutely nothing while making the process harder, and it's pushed extremely disproportionately by Republicans - who openly advocate against civil voting rights. It's beyond obvious they just want a way to make it harder for brown people, women, and students to vote - all of which skew away from their party.
Then you get into the US having no national IDs (historical and cultural reasons, mostly) and that almost nobody is advocating for free voting IDs, which is a poll tax, which is blatantly unconstitutional.
Countries without voter ID requirements for elections at the national level are short: Australia and New Zealand. Close is Scotland, which does not require photo ID for Scottish government and council elections.
In the US, some states require voter ID to vote in national elections, while others don't.
So the US, Australia, and New Zealand are outliers.
It really boggles the mind why it is such a contentious issue in the US.