I'd suggest the Wikipedia article as a very good starting point: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Israel#Ancient_Isra...

Did they have states in 1209 BC? I'm pretty sure the modern Israel state is a modern invention, that just happens to take its name from former states. The modern state of Greece isn't the one from Jesus's time either.

Well, if you're only going to count modern states, the only previous one to occupy that area was the Ottoman Empire. After that, there was a British Mandate, but that wasn't a state. Modern states only started after the Treaty of Westphalia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia

Does the modern Israel state have continuity from the Ottoman empire?

That really depends on what you mean by ‘continuity’ and your view of the British Mandate. I could imagine the case being made either way.

I'll give you a hint: the successor to this part of the Ottoman Empire was named Palestine.

Are these questions you're unable to answer yourself, or are you playing some kind of game?

I think you should just be honest about how you feel.