> You can't return something like Result<CorrectObject,ConstructorError> to handle the error gracefully

Throwing an error is doing exactly that though, its exactly the same thing in theory.

What you are asking for is just more syntactic sugar around error handling, otherwise all of that already exists in most languages. If you are talking about performance that can easily be optimized at compile time for those short throw catch syntactic sugar blocks.

Java even forces you to handle those errors in code, so don't say that these are silent there is no reason they need to be.