Ha, yea, in particular these monochromatic pixels can't simply be white. Notably ctrl-f'ing for "white" gives zero results on this page.

Relatedly, the page talks a lot about pixel density, but this confused me: if you swap each R, G, or B LED with an adjustable LED, you naively get a one-time 3x boost in pixel area density, which is a one-time sqrt(3)=1.73x boost in linear resolution. So I think density is really a red herring.

But they also mention mass transfer ("positioning of the red, green and blue chips to form a full-colour pixel") which plausibly is a much bigger effect: If you replace a process that needs to delicately interweave 3 distinct parts with one that lays down a grid of identical (but individually controllable) parts, you potentially get a much bigger manufacturing efficiency improvement that could go way beyond 3x. I think that's probably the better sales pitch.

It would be interesting to plot all of the achievable colors of this LED on the chromaticity diagram. Presumably it'd be some sort of circle/ellipse around white but might have some dropouts in certain parts of the spectrum?

Pure wavelengths are on the horseshoe-shaped outline of the CIE 1931 space. The straight line connecting the ends of the horseshoe is the line of purples, which also isn't monochromatic.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromaticity#/media/File:Planc...

Presumably they wouldn't need to do a pixel-to-pixel mapping, but could account for the wavelengths of neighbouring pixels to produce a more faithful colour reproduction at an effectively lower resolution.

It's going to be the spectral locus.

Don't forget about bond wires that need to be run to each die and/or connected to a backplane.

Doesn't the fact they have successfully demonstrated displays at 2000, 5000 and 10000 DPI alleviate those concerns a little bit?

It's not really meant as a concern, more a supporting argument: If every subpixel is identical, you can use simpler wiring patterns.

The subpixels don't need bonding wires, they have dedicated connections just like any transistor on a regular IC.

The key to this is using the same process to get all the colors. For separate R,G,B pixels you need 3 different processes and can't build them on the same chip, you need to assemble them - that's what allows the vast improvement in pixel density.

Would one not just use a few pixels to create white?

That does mean a variable resolution scenario.

One thing I noticed is that they were talking about demoing 12,000 ppi displays, which is way more resolution than you're going to resolve with your eye. So using 2 pixels is still probably a win.

Those are the densities needed for near eye displays. The best displays can still show pixelization to the human eye up close.

It can produce all the colors of the rainbow. But no magenta. Perhaps they can quickly pulse the LED enough between multiple wavelengths.

It also can't produce white or anything else in the interior of this diagram (as well as, as you mention, shades of magenta and purple that lie on the flat lower edge):

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Planckia...

The human eye will see white when a pixel flashes through all of the colors quickly in time.

But that means it has reduced refresh rate.

The two are not related at all. Refresh rate is how fast it can accept input, whereas this is how fast it can do TDM of colors and intensities

How quickly? Surely well above 1 kHz (1000 FPS). Otherwise you will see flickering.

According to this, humans can't see flicker above 100 Hz for most smooth images, but if the image has high frequency spatial edges then they can see flicker up to 500-1000 Hz. It has to do with saccades.

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep07861

Single chip DLP projectors strobe red, green, blue, white sequentially. Modern DLPs use separate light sources (LED/Laser) and pulse them at a high frequency - kilohertz I assume. Before we had high-power LEDs DLP projectors used a xenon lamp and a color wheel (https://www.projectorjunkies.com/color-wheel-dlp/) spinning at as little as 60 revolutions per second. This caused a "rainbow effect" which was very annoying to some people, but apparently enough people didn't notice it that those products got sold anyway. So somewhere around 180Hz is the bare minimum.

You don't need all the colors. As every household white LED bulb proves, you can get it with just a combination of blue and yellow.

You'll get atrocious CRI/sick skin tones that way. There's much more fleshed out spectrum in nowadays LEDs, especially warm white variants.

See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_color

This reminds me of the observation I had in high school that I could immerse LEDs in liquid nitrogen and run them at higher than usual voltage and watch the color change.

I got a PhD in condensed matter physics later on but never got a really good understanding of the phenomenon but I think it has something to do with

https://www.digikey.com/en/articles/identifying-the-causes-o...

Here is a video of people doing it

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PquJdIK_z8

> I got a PhD in condensed matter physics later on but never got a really good understanding of the phenomenon but I think it has something to do with

The color of most* LEDs is controlled by the band gap of the semiconductor they're using. Reducing the temperature of the material widens the band gap, so the forward voltage of the diode increases and the wavelength of the emitted light gets shorter

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/003189...

*: With the exception of phosphor-converted LEDs, which are uncommon.

> phosphor-converted LEDs, which are uncommon

No, they're extremely common. Every white LED in the market is phosphor-converted: they're blue LEDs, usually ~450nm royal blue, with yellow-emitting phosphors on top. Different phosphors and concentrations give different color temperatures for the final LED, from about 7500K through 2000K. (Last I looked, anything below about 2000K didn't look right at all, no matter what its manufacturer claimed.)

Bigger LEDs are often phosphor-converted as well. Most industrial grow lamps use this type of LED. So they're around! You're probably looking at some right now!

This is definitely a problem; if the control circuitry is up for it you could PWM the pixel color, basically dithering in time instead of space to achieve white or arbitrary non-spectral colors.

Yep. DLP color wheels come to mind.

However, you would have more flexibility to do tricks sub-pixel to improve resolution?

Surely the 'tricks' we have for RGB displays would be more effective when every element has the same color range as every other. For example, the subpixel rendering of typography for RGB displays had an unavoidable rainbow halo that would no longer be an issue for most colors of text with polychromatic pixels.

> color space is 2D

Human eyes have three different color receptors, each tuned for it's own frequency, so it's already 3d. However, apart from human perception, color, just like sound, can have any combinations of frequencies (when you split the signal with Fourier transform), and may animals do have more receptors than us.

You only need to mix two different wavelengths to render any human perceptible color. They give you four parameters to work with (wavelength1, brightness1, wavelength2, brightness2) which makes it an underdetermined system with an infinite number of solutions for all but the pure, spectral boundary of the gamut.

Humans perceive all stimulation in the same raito of the L, M, and S cones to be the same color, but with different brightnesses. So only two dimensions are nessesary to represent human visible colors, hence HSV or L*a*b* space.

According the opponent process model of colour perception you need three axes to represent all colours: luminosity [L+M+S+rods], red-green [L-M] and blue-yellow [S - (L+M)].

There is a fair point there, but a few things - HSV and Lab are only models, they don’t necessarily capture all visible colors (esp. when it comes to tetrachromats). Brightness is a dimension, and can affect the perception of a color, esp. as you get very bright - HSV and Lab are 3D spaces. Arguing that brightness should be ignored or factored out is problematic and only a small step from arguing that saturation should be factored out too and that color is mostly one dimensional.

In this sense our hearing is much better than our color vision.

We can distinguish the combination a huge number of frequencies between 20-20000Hz.

But we can only distinguish 3 independent colors of light.

Of course our vision is vastly better than hearing for determining where the sound/light comes from.

Total tangent, but is that because of the wavelengths involved? I imagine a “sound camera” would have to be huge to avoid diffraction (but that’s just intuition), requiring impracticality large ears. Likewise i imagine that perceiving “chords” of light requires sensing on really tiny scales, requiring impractically small complex structure in the eyes?

Anybody know the answer?

> These pixels are variable wavelength, but can only produce one at a time

Citation needed. The article doesn't say anything about how the colors are generated, and whether they can only produce one wavelength at a time.

Assuming they are indeed restricted to spectral colors, dithering could be used to increase the number of colors further. However, dithering needs at least 8 colors to cover the entire color space: red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow, white, black. And two of those can't be produced using monochromatic light -- magenta and white. This would be a major problem.

Dithering just black, red, green, and blue is sufficient to produce a full-colour image. Everything else is a combination of those. That's effectively how normal LCD or OLED monitors work!

No, normal monitors use additive color mixing, but dithering isn't additive, it's averaging. With just red, green, blue, black you couldn't dither cyan, magenta, yellow, white, just some much darker versions of them. E.g. you get grey instead of white.

You can check this by trying to dither a full color image in a program like Photoshop. It doesn't work unless you use at least the 8 colors.

In fact, ink jet printers do something similar: They use subtractive color mixing to create red, green and blue dots (in addition to cyan, magenta, yellow and black ink and white paper), then all the remaining shades are dithered from those eight colors. It looks something like that: https://as2.ftcdn.net/v2/jpg/01/88/80/47/1000_F_188804787_u1... (though there black is also created with subtractive color mixing).

The color mixing type used by dithering is sometimes called "color blending". Apart from dithering it's also used when simulating partial transparency (alpha).

The article is talking about microLEDs, which are an emissive light source.

You can dither not just in print but also on illuminated screens. For example:

http://caca.zoy.org/study/out/lena6-1-2.png

This picture has only pixels of the aforementioned eight colors.

Emissive means additive, not averaging. Cyan, magenta and yellow are not primaries here. Red and green light adds up to perceptual yellow. Red, green and blue adds up to perceptual white (or grey, at very low luminance). Treating each of these pixels like subpixels (which is arguably a form of dithering) will produce a full color image (at a lower resolution), but given that they did not demonstrate it, color reproduction and/or luminance likely is far from competitive at this point.

That's not true. Dithering can be used in emissive screens, but dithering is not additive. If you mix red and green with color blending (e.g. by dithering), you get less red and less green in your mix, and therefore the resulting mix (a sort of ochre) is different from additive color mixing (yellow), where the amount of red and green stays the same. Or when you mix black and white, you get white with additive color mixing, but grey with blending. You also get grey when blending (dithering) red, green and blue. You can test this in software like Gimp, you won't be able to dither a full color image without at least the eight colors I mentioned.

I am not saying you can use the exact same math as in an image manipulation program, these work with different assumptions. Mixing colors in those is usually not correct anyway.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKnqECcg6Gw

I am saying you can think of subpixels, which already exist, as a form of dithering. Most displays use just three primaries for subpixels - red, green and blue. Their arrangement is fixed, but that is not a limitation of this new technology.

Well I disagree with that. It's two different ways of mixing colors (additive vs blending), with different results and different requirements.

This seems like a non-problem, cut the display resolution in half on one axis and reserve two 'subpixels' for each pixel. Then you have a full color display with only one physical pixel type and that needs one less subpixel. These displays could even produce some saturated colors with specific wavelengths that can't be represented on regular rgb displays.

You'd still be unable to produce different brightness pixels. You'd get white but no grayscale.

I guess you could cheat it by moving the wavelength outside the visible spectrum?

I hate to think of the damage large amounts of IR or especially UV would do to the eye.

Assuming they can PWM the brightness while getting consistent color (seems reasonable since microLEDs have extremely fast response time) then I think what you're saying would work great. It would be akin to 4:2:2 chroma subsampling where luminance (which we have higher acuity for) gets more fidelity and the resulting image quality is closer to full-res than half-res.

There are plenty of monochromatic cases. Right now hw has a lot of orange.

Dynamic resolution / subpixel rendering. Retina looks really good already, not sure if the effect would be relevant or interesting but it might open up something new

What Apple sells as "retina" still doesn't match common print densities, there's definitely room for improvement.

You make it sound like there is still an easy to spot difference. When i look at the print quality of pictures on a news paper, its the opposite and at least for me, i don't need more than retina and i was very eager to switch to 4k to have higher dpi.

But 14' with retina im very happy.

I'm actually more surprised by hdr on my lg oled 4k. Its actually quite nice when done well.

Newspapers are famously printed on the lowest quality recycled paper and cheapest print process available, because they're disposable. Compare a retina screen to a coffee table style reference book with high resolution photos – the kinds you can use a magnifying glass on - and you'll still notice differences.

Or just look at what companies do when manufacturing technologies allow them to push for higher densities: iPhones now exceed 450 dpi, and the 8" iPads exceed 300; if the technology allowed it, Apple would most likely introduce higher densities on larger iPads and Macbooks as well.

I'm assuming that in most cases they'll just make these act as RGB displays, either by sequentially tuning the wavelength of each pixel to red, green, blue in a loop, or by assigning each pixel to be red, green, or blue and just having them act as subpixels.