They obviously also haven't read Marx, who literally argued the exact opposite. He believed Capitalism caused "alienation" in the worker, preventing him from finding meaning in his work. Prior to capitalism people were highly skilled artisans, or subsistence farmers, who almost universally found meaning in their work.
So capitalism did not "give rise to a value system that teaches us to find meaning in our work", the value system was already there. Capitalism just prevented the values from being fulfilled in the workers' lives.
Putting it differently, scapegoating capitalism for preventing people from finding meaning in work seems like a shallow analysis to me. It is not like factory workers or blakcksmiths from the past who were more interested in other things (making music, say), would agree that they were fulfilled.
Many philosophies throughout history emphasize finding meaning in your work:
- Ikigai: discover your reason for being, which is at the intersection of passion, mission, vocation, and profession. It is not just about yourself, but contributing to the world and bringing joy to others
- Stoicism: while not solely focused on work, Stoicism emphasizes finding purpose and virtue in whatever situation you find yourself in, including approaching work with a sense of duty and striving to contribute to a greater good, even if the task itself is mundane
- Confucianism: stresses the importance of hard work, diligence, and skill in all aspects of life, incl. work. Emphasizes fulfilling your roles and responsibilities in society with excellence, finding meaning and respect through well-performed work
- Protestant work ethic: sees work as a moral obligation and way to glorify the Christian god. Encourages hard work, diligience, and productivity, finding meaning through creation & contribution to society through labor
- Existentialism: encourages individuals to create own meaning in life, incl. through their work. Involves taking responsibility for your choices, pursuing authentic goals, and engaging authentically with your work.