It definitely seems like once some of the factors you mention come into play these things lose momentum and move. Paul Krugman did some very interesting work on economic geography, with one result being that the leading region for a given sector will have a huge margin over the second player, so being in top position is very valuable.
"Radio Row was torn down in 1966 to make room for the World Trade Center." (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Row#Demolition)
It's a little disingenuous when someone claims that the US meets its climate change goals and that China doesn't. The US is able to meet those goals in part because all of the goods it consumes comes from China where it is manufactured with coal-produced power and so-on.
I suspect that economic theory doesn't adequately explain some things that we need to understand better. There may be misunderstood risks in competitive advantage that we are ignoring at our peril.
I think the more interesting question is if it would even be economically possible to have a Shenzhen in the US, given US property prices, labor force, wages, environmental laws, zoning restrictions, etc.