Google uses different ways to decide if a webpage belongs to a specific country. Like domain name, search console country setting, server location, language, etc. Not sure if it's always 100% accurate...

Gotcha.. this makes sense. I was hung up on what they even meant by a website belonging to a particular country (as if we're all patriotically running sites on local servers or something).

via the gl=[2 letter country code] url parameter, i believe.

(Also useful is the ?pws=0 flag [to remove personalization])

I didn't knew about pws and just added it! Thanks.

For country, I am using cr and language the cl query param.