Yes, the sun shines and brings energy from above, yes the core is hot and brings energy from below.
This was known centuries ago and is accounted for.
"The ethical skeptic" is just parroting another form of denialism; it's not us, it's the flucuations from the sun, it's not us, the core is suddenly radiating more heat outwards, maybe it's the volcanos, perhaps it's cosmic rays.
The thermodynamics here is straightforward enough, we have put a measureably significant volume of thermal insulating gas into the atmosphere and have the records to prove it, more energy from the sun is being trapped, the land | sea surface layer has more energy for storms, tipping climate cell behaviour, heating, etc.
We cannot do much about heat from the core, but that's essentially steady state in the short term (50 year time scales) and declining in the long term (heading towards a cold rock).
We cannot do anything about the output of the sun, we can 'shade' ourselves by blowing bubbles in space or by (very very carefully) altering the atmosphere.
We can more directly alter our CO2 output and work on recovery from the atmosphere.
We know it is the greenhouse gases because we can measure the wavelengths of the incoming and outgoing radiation and see from spectrographs of greenhouse gases that the outgoing radiation falls into greenhouse gas absorption bands.
We can tell that the increase in greenhouse gases over the last couple hundred years is largely from human burning of fossil fuels because the carbon in fossil fuels has a different isotope ratio than that of carbon in living or recently living things. (Volcanic greenhouse gases would also have a similar isotope ratio to fossil fuels but we have sufficient monitoring to detect and account for geologic greenhouse gases).