no, not whatever OS you like. Windows installations are coded against doing this. You can copy your Windows partition to a new disk and insert that, carefully, but you can't plug it into a different motherboard.
but you can with Linux.
I've never tried it with MacOS but the days of swapping Apple harddrives are in the past anyway.
Good luck switching hard drives on locked down customer provided laptops, or from the own IT on the consulting firm for that matter.