Rarely in real life will the situations not be open book exams. While coding, we have access to interactive/searchable docs, demos, tutorials, and of course SO and the likes. At work, we can chat with co-workers when we're stuck or have an idea but really feel like there's probably something better if more than one head was working on it.

a cheating doctor would prescribe / perform unnecessary drugs / procedures / surgeries for personal gain or out of carelessness.

This is basically how western medicine operates in the US to begin with.

to be fair - I also met doctors who appeared to be competent and afaict didn't take advantage of my situation.

Sure, plenty out there exist. However, it's not always the doctor but hospital admins that tighten the screws.

Doctors may care about treating patients, but hospitals only care about one thing -- money. Pressuring doctors into pursuing unnecessary treatments are one of many ways hospitals try to increase revenue.

You're delusional if you think physicians maliciously over-prescribing in the US is not a problem.

People are tremendously impacted, for good or ill, when prescribed pain medications, ADHD medications, anti-depressants, etc. Many of these people are harmed. Many of the doctors who caused them harm simply do not care.

No kidding. The slightest issue with a medication, and every doctor I have seen starts foaming at the mouth, "I can prescribe X to help with that."

Then before you know it, you have to take a pill to take a pill. Then down the road, you have to take a pill to take a pill to take a pill.

I'm no medical Calvinist either, but I am not sure that polypharmacy should be the end goal if it can be avoided.

That's blatantly untrue. The primary criticism to Western medicine is that is has a high cost because doctors are afraid of being sued for malpractice and order lots of unnecessary and invasive tests to confirm any diagnosis before ordering a treatment. It's basically the exact opposite of what you say, which when taken to the extreme is also problematic.

What about the opioid crisis? What about the Sacklers? Was all of that fiction?

Overprescription is a gigantic problem in the US. Most of that can be attributed to being overly careful, but many doctors are legitimately just prescribing treatments that are known to be unhelpful in expectation for personal gain. Knee and hip surgeries are common examples. They regularly degrade quality of life in recipients. We should be doing less, but then the surgeons that perform them would make less money.

So just your rental urgent care doc?

but cheating indicates a lack of moral integrity, which might seep into the aspect of how they treat their patients.

eventually, the cheaters won't know what to look up...

Double checking a book when figuring out treatment is not cheating, it is normal. Cheating for a doctor would be going with the feeling without double checking.

However, when learning for exam, it is cheating, because exams define minimum set of stuff that you should have in memory at that point.

Verifying a measurement isn’t cheating. The word exists because it is memory externalized.

Using reference works in the course of doing your job is not cheating.

Yes, if you're doing what the patient and the regulators want you to do, that ain't cheating.