Dogma is the simplifications we teach to children (and students and junior devs) so they don't have to contemplate the full complexity of reality.
The problem is when we start to attach our identity to these dogma, and hold them so precious that we will never give them up.
Without our dogma/heuristics we get lost. But we need to know how to give up on the ones that are no longer useful.
Most of us will have a hard time recognizing our own dogma.
My claim is that we all have things we believe dogmatically. They for the axioms of our mental models. Take away the dogma, and our entire mental framework risks getting shattered.
If we completely fail to understand this, though, we are at risk of constructing rationalistic (as opposed to rational) frameworks on top, in believe in them absolutely. This can lead to fanatical movements such as Islamic suicide bombers, "Objetivist" capitalists, Extinctin Rebellion or Conquistador Missionaries.
And also all sorts of cargo cults in software development.
I agree but think of it as a scalar. Some mental models are assigned a "conviction" of 1.0 - that could be considered dogma. Some (like the expectation of what tomorrow's weather might be like) may have a "conviction" of 0.3.
Though I think one aspect is missing, namely something describing the emotional loss that will be felt if a dogma has to be rejected.
In fact, the most destructive dogmas may be those where the older has serious subconscious doubt about the validity of the belief, but where their entire identiy may be shattered if they have to give it up.
Questioning such dogma tends to become very strong taboos or potentially heresies worthy of cancelling or even death.