Every big electronics shop will have a failure team with an electron microscope able to decap any faulty chip and figure out which mosfet has blown up.

It's time consuming expensive work though, so smaller places just replace the faulty parts or revise the design and hope.

The categories mentioned in the quoted comments - semiconductor, defense, and car companies. Also others too, like industrial and certain consumer appliances and electronics. Search job listings for electronics failure analysis to get an idea. Their job is to find the failure mechanism so the design team knows what to change.