Manufacturers having the capability to do this is a relatively recent development, though, historically speaking. Originally even the largest manufacturers couldn’t afford to build out the necessary sales and service infrastructure across the US without the independent dealers.
General speaking: in times of high-margins, manufacturers want to kill the dealerships to capture a larger slice of those margins. In times of low-margins (even negative net margins) the manufacturers want to force the dealerships to eat as much of the cost as possible.