I don't know about that. I just finished cleaning up a codebase where my predecessor named literally any response from any API call "tempJson", regardless of how many hundreds of subsequent lines ended up using it. Some of these "tempJson" variables would get passed to other functions with the parameter also being named "tempJson" or "json". It was nightmarish. I wish this programmer had read and applied the principles in The Pragmatic Programmer, but he hadn't.
I suspect it's not that the context has changed such that the book is unnecessary, it's that most of us have forgotten that many of these principles aren't obvious to newcomers.
The exception being startups that are still in the phase of attracting dreamers that are going to change the world.
How short is too short? How large is too large?
On a shallow for-loop, i and j as variable names is perfectly acceptable and probably desirable - it conveys their meaning in a very concise and familiar manner.
On the other hand, if you're writing a function that's a little outside of your codebase's core areas it might make sense to name things a bit more verbosely and perhaps (the horror) add comments explaining in more detail what those data containers are supposed to hold.
Underlying this is the idea of a Patterns Language for programming: the idea that specific problems can be categorised into general problem shapes, that a satisfactory solution that fits the shape can be named, and that communication is aided by discussion involving those names. The idea of the patterns language is still very much relevant today. Whenever a developer says “this can be a redux saga” or “we’ll use serverless for that”, they are naming a general solution that they believe fits the shape of their specific problem.
Putting so much emphasis on variable naming, to take one common theme from Code Complete, Pragmatic Programmer, Clean Code, et al, makes a lot more sense coming out as a reaction against some of the worst excesses of Hungarian notation.
They just aren't the kind of revelation that they were 20 years ago, in part because they've been so successful at molding multiple generations of programmers now.