Which adapter did you use?
Even did a video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qkh4oagFfb8
Got out my old Moto Z Play which was retired. Restarted the phone so I couldn't use fingerprint to unlock.
Plugged in a mouse, clicked pin. Unlocked.
Moto Z Play runs Nougat, stock but rooted. You don't need root to be able to do this nor do you need ADB to be enabled.
Also confirmed to be working on Razer Phone (stock, 9/Pie) and Essential Phone (stock, 10). Also works with Keyboard instead of mouse. Just type in the pin and hit enter.
Pattern unlock will have to be done with the mouse for obvious reasons.
So if your digitizer is completely busted, you can still use a mouse and keyboard. If your display is completely busted, you likely will be able to get video alt mode with USB C out.
I tried it on a few other devices that I had in my pile. Chances are, if it's Micro USB, you won't get video on boot, even with a proper MHL adapter.
* Sony Xperia J (Jelly Bean): Nothing, Micro USB
* Sony Xperia Play (Gingerbread): Nothing, Micro USB
* Marshall London (Lollipop): Mouse and Keyboard Works, Micro USB
* Asus Zenphone 3 Zoom (Nougat): Mouse and keyboard works, USB C
IIRC, Displaylink and OTG support was officially added in Lollipop, so that kind of jives with my experience here. As always, YMMV.
No, adb is still needed.
You would still be able to use a mouse or keyboard to input a pin or passphrase if the screen was still semi readable.
With a USB C port, there's a near absolute certainty that you can simply plug in a USB hub with HDMI built in to hook your phone up to a mouse and monitor to get around the cracked screen issue.
Nearly every phone today is sold with a USB C port.
"But this phone is older than..."
My Moto Z Play was released in 2016. That phone is now 5 years old. It came with Nougat... and I can mirror the screen with a USB C hub with Built in HDMI. Plug in a mouse and you're done.
No need to leave adb enabled, which is a security hole that can be exploited by unsafe USB ports and bad actors. (Also, police.)