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Re:IoT Unravelled Part 1: It's a Mess but Then There's Home ... by Fabricio20 on Monday November 23, 2020 @05:23AM (#25185297)
Not directly Home Assistant but tangentially related is ESPHome[0] which is all about making those custom chips with custom hardware and sensors and integrating them into HA later. They also have guides on flashing firmware of some brand-devices (since those devices are also running these same open-source dev boards).

[0]: https://esphome.io

Re:IoT Unravelled Part 1: It's a Mess but Then There's Home ... by lostlogin on Monday November 23, 2020 @08:25AM (#25186485)
This, so very much. That project is amazing. It feels very close to the metal and is very satisfying to do, whilst also being pretty straight-forward for a beginner.

And you can go completely custom using the Arduino IDE and anything compatible (Arduino boards and ESP32 or ESP8266s) and link them in to HA via MQTT, which works surprisingly well.