And so on.
All of these negatives cost money. Aside from the humanitarian considerations - not trivial - they're a huge drag on social mobility, innovation, and business opportunity.
The fact that some people feel irrationally inconvenienced by the prospect of extra taxes - which in reality will not materially affect them or their opportunities in any significant way - is an unconvincing reason to ignore the staggering social, economic, and political costs of their uniquely privileged position.
Perhaps it's because we oppose them in principle.
We already do that. It's called politics. However, you seem to want a strictly regimented "waterfall" version of politics, but in reality it has to be continuously iterated and handle the complex interplay of many factors (like different people having mutually exclusive ideas of what the government should actually do).
Here's my thinking: as a society, we should decide on what needs to be handled by the government. Defense, roads, pandemic response, scientific research, welfare, healthcare, whatever. Make your own list, we can all hash that out. Then we figure out how much that costs, then we figure out the best taxation method to pay for all of it. I think the goals of that tax system should be to encourage beneficial habits, support economic growth, lower people's standard of living as little as possible, and generally maximize utility. It seems pretty clear that in this kind of system, a progressive system that taxes the wealthy more is a clear winner.