The reason that it's difficult to apply in regards to the brain is that we don't exactly know how the brain is computing... or if it "computes" at all! To my knowledge, we don't have a model of computation for consciousness, emotion, free will, Etc.

Perhaps these are better classified as emergent Behavior rather than computation, but if that is the case I still don't know of a model explaining what computations or rules give rise to the emergent Behavior.

Perhaps the problem is in our definition of computation and what it means to compute.

We do know that the cardinality of the set of possible computational problems is larger than the cardinality of the set of all possible Turing machines. This is provable by simple diagonalization proofs.

The question, then, is whether or not the computations of the brain fall Within the set of Turing recognizable languages (computational problems). To my knowledge, this has not been shown.

A Turing machine can run a simulation based on such physical laws to any desired level of precision (which is enough, because as mentioned in TFA, processes in the brain aren't individually very precise). This is true because of the nature of these laws, which are mostly just asking you to integrate differential equations. If you accept this, then it should follow that a Turing machine can in fact simulate a brain: just run a physics sim on a brain's initial state.

(I do realize that this is far outside the realm of what's doable today, but it seems to provide a solid justification for why it's conceptually possible).

Well, we know certain approximations of those laws. Purely theoretically, it is possible that the exact laws at some level of detail that we have not yet been able to observe involve functions that are not computable by a Turing machine, and then it is theoretically possible that the brain itself is computing functions which are not computable by a Turing machine (this would of course assume that the Church-Turing thesis is actually wrong).

As long as the Church-Turing thesis is not proven, we can't say with absolute certainty that the physical world can be simulated to any level of detail by a Turing machine.

Furthermore, even if the Church-Turing thesis was proven, is it possible that the physical world involves transformations that are not even computable at all (even if they can be approximated by computable functions)?

Just to be clear, I do not believe these things. But it is fun to think about the limits of our knowledge.

It is possible that the brain's imprecision (I would argue that "inconsistency" might be a better word) is a requirement of it's computational ability. Again, we haven't defined how the brain computes, nor do we have a model for explaining its computation, encoding or representation of knowledge, or emergent behavior. We have observed phenomena related to some of these things, but we are far from understanding it. It may be that the computational processes are dependent on the surrounding environment. We know that the biological processes are influenceable by the physical world, but we do not know much about how these external forces affect, limit, or are required for, the process of brain computation.

The quantum world may play a part in consciousness (or no, we don't know). Non-determinism may play a part. It is possible that, in order to simulate a brain, one would have to simulate the entire universe around it in order to predict the behavior... meaning that it may well require a universe to perform the simulation.

Which brings us to a related theory of whether or not we are living in a simulation, but I digress... :)

Is it possible that brain is in fact a quantum computer? I can imagine that under all those neural networks there is a small part where, trapped in some complex protein structure, some qbits exist and are crucial to most advanced brain functions, such as consciousness.

It's an interesting thing to ponder.

Quantum computing is still just another computational model, and it's main Advantage is that it involves non determinism. But non determinism, in and of itself, can be modeled by deterministic computer.

I think the biggest problem is that we don't understand what computation is taking place in the brain, or even if it is "computation" according to our current definition of the word. I think that this issue is the biggest problem in reconciling whether or not it is possible to accurately model the human brain.

What part of the experiment in the paper released did you feel like was inadequate?