Now say your currency is dollars and you owe debt in dollars. If you print more dollars, they devalue, but the value of your debt goes down right along with your currency. It's bad for the lenders and you might have to promise more interest to borrow more, but you don't spiral into oblivion just trying to pay off your existing debt.
If by hyperinflation you mean "several years of 10-20% inflation" -- something unprecedented in developed economies in recent history -- then sure, that's not unimaginable. It's also not a civilisation-changing problem. Many countries have lived through that kind of experience. I supposed I could be convinced that 1970s-style stagflation could return as a result of the pandemic.
If on the other hand you mean "100% per week inflation", e.g. like Zimbabwe experienced, then that one is harder to defend. You'd need to have the loss of a functioning reserve bank as a starting point (because otherwise the reserve bank would just push interest rates up to the point that inflation was reduced). Generally having a powerless reserve bank can only happen when some other country controls whatever it is that backs the currency that everyone in your country uses for trade. (e.g. being on the gold standard; being part of the Eurozone and not being trusted, large amounts of borrowing and transactions in foreign currencies; an economy based on bitcoin transactions; if any of these apply you have at least the basis for an inability to stop hyperinflation).
What's the trajectory that would get the USA there though?
Economic and political forces still end up pushing the same wheels.
Yes this may push some things in the direction they were already going. Like more people working from home. But this is not likely going to fundamentally change the world. Not any more so than the twin towers attack or the 2008 crash. Little changes to a massive system.