I may be mistaken, but if using unsafe does not allow for the ‘borrow-checker’ to be turned off and allow for code which doesn’t abide by the checker’s requirements, then it clearly does not give “as much control as C”. Again, I might have missed some of the subtleties of circumventing Rust’s static checking, but I don’t think I can purposely create some non-deterministic racy-appearing abstractions, which would be trivial to do using global variables in C.

You can't turn off the borrow checker for references, but Rust also provides raw pointers which are not subject to borrow checking (these are exactly like pointers in C, and can be cast to and from references (this is a no-op at runtime since they share the same memory representation)).

https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.30.0/book/first-edition/raw-poin...

You can create and manipulate raw pointers in safe code, but dereferencing them requires an `unsafe` block.

AIUI, there are some hardware architectures where even creating a wild pointer might be undefined behavior, regardless of whether that pointer is subsequently dereferenced, and C inherits these requirements. This means that it might be desirable to restrict creation and manipulation of raw pointers to unsafe code in Rust as well, if this can be done without introducing undue incompatibilities.

(Rust editions would naturally allow for this: Rust 2021 would warn on creating/manipulating raw pointers in Safe Rust, and stop warning for "unnecessary" use of unsafe deriving from these operations; Rust 2024 would make these a hard error ouside `unsafe`.)

> AIUI, there are some hardware architectures where even creating a wild pointer might be undefined behavior, regardless of whether that pointer is subsequently dereferenced

Would you be able to point me to some references for such hardware? Im not sure how that would work (at least based on my admittedly limited amount of experience). Wouldn’t a pointer look like any other integer right up until it’s used as a memory operand? Or would said architecture have some way to distinguish pointers and a “regular” integer in registers?

Allegedly, some platforms have pointer trap representations, where a certain pointer can be created, but may not be used in any operations of that type. No modern systems have such trap representations for pointer types, but the C standard inherits their legacy, and, more importantly, C compilers use it as justification for certain types of optimizations. Since it's not a hardware limitation, Rust can perfectly well take the opposite path and say that the compiler may not use it for those optimizations.

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6725809/trap-representat...

> No modern systems have such trap representations for pointer types

This may be incidentally true, but "address sanitizer"-like features are becoming more common on modern hardware, and while these do not currently trap on creation/manipulation of a 'wild' pointer (since, strictly speaking, a trap only happens on dereferencing), there's no solid reason to expect this to remain the case in the future.

I don't see how you could trap creation or manipulation, since those pointers are stored in registers and/or memory, and both are fundamentally untyped. How would the hardware even know that something is a pointer, on any architecture that is popular today?

Because you use typed instructions to access them. For example, on ARM with pointer authentication you’ll sign pointers and unsign them right before using them. If you forge a pointer it’ll cause a crash when it’s used because its signature will be incorrect.

But that would still happen at the point of dereference, no? Or does it allow to tag even operations like moves and adds?

> C compilers use it as justification for certain types of optimizations

I believe that the Rust compiler is free to make it's own choices about what is considered valid, and which optimisations it wants to enable. It doesn't need to follow C's lead here.

isn't that what I said

Maybe. Or maybe you'd just change it so 'wild pointers' created in safe code are stored as ints on that architecture.

> if using unsafe does not allow for the ‘borrow-checker’ to be turned off and allow for code which doesn’t abide by the checker’s requirements

It allows the latter. 'Code that doesn't abide by the checker's requirements' uses separate facilities that are only allowed in unsafe code. This means that `unsafe` doesn't have to turn off anything, and further pinpoints the parts of the code where caution is needed in order to maintain the invariants that Safe Rust is based on.

Unsafe doesn’t turn off the borrow checker, but it does give you access to pointers that aren’t checked.

> if using unsafe does not allow for the ‘borrow-checker’ to be turned off and allow for code which doesn’t abide by the checker’s requirements

It does, that’s why it’s there.