Maybe instead of a problem, there is an opportunity here.
Back before Google ate the intarwebs, there used to be niche search engines. Perhaps that is an idea whose time has come again.
For example, if I want information from a government source, I use a search engine that specializes in crawling only government web sites.
If I want information about Berlin, I use a search engine that only crawls web sites with information about Berlin, or that are located in Berlin.
If I want information about health, I use a search engine that only crawls medical web sites.
Each topic is still a wealth of information, but siloed enough that the amount of data could be manageable to a small or medium-sized company. And the market would keep the niches from getting so small that they become useful. A search engine dedicated to Hello Kitty lanyards isn't going to monetize.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searx [2] https://asciimoo.github.io/searx/ [3] https://stats.searx.xyz/
featuring the semantic map of [4] https://swisscows.ch/
incorporating [5] https://curlie.org/ and Wikipedia and something like Yelp/YellowPages embedded in Open Streetmaps for businesses and points of interest, with a no frills interface showing the history (via timeslide?) of edits.
Bang! Done!
Not really. A web directory is a directory of web sites. I can't search a web directory for content within the web sites, which is what a niche search engine would do.
Another potentially useful approach is to construct a graph database of all these sites, with links as edges. If one page gets flagged as junk then you can lower the scores of all other pages within its clique [1]. This could potentially cause a cascade of junk-flagging, cleaning large swathes of these undesirable sites from the index.
I don’t like the whole concept of SEO, I don’t like the way the web is today, but I think we should stop and think before resorting to “immoral few is destroying things, we unfuck it reclaim what we deserve” type simplification.
So much is obvious. The discussion is about whether there is a less shitty metric.