1. Hunter gatherers collect seeds, but drop some near their temporary settlement.
2. The next time they stay in the area, they notice food plants growing where they dropped the seeds, so they don’t have to travel as far to collect them.
3. They start deliberately spreading seeds so there will be even more there next time.
4. They start clearing land to make more space to spread the seeds on.
5. The quantity of seeds they can gather at the site meets or exceeds their needs, so now they don’t need to travel to gather enough and can settle down.
Throughout the process they discover little tricks, like scratching the ground before scattering their seeds, or which kind of ground is best to clear and sow, which seeds grow best, etc, etc. This could take many generations but once the process starts under the right conditions with the right seeds in the right area it snowballs.
Some languages such as Guniyandi have only recently undergone this conversion [0], in fact there are likely thousands of languages still without writetn forms [1]
[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gooniyandi
[1] https://www.ethnologue.com/enterprise-faq/how-many-languages...
Figuring out that it could be used to write sentences took a few millennia after that. And only after that came enough simplification for people other than palace/temple employees to learn it.
[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_wri...
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth-Peribsen
"The original Sumerian writing system derives from a system of clay tokens used to represent commodities. By the end of the 4th millennium BC, this had evolved into a method of keeping accounts, using a round-shaped stylus impressed into soft clay at different angles for recording numbers. This was gradually augmented with pictographic writing by using a sharp stylus to indicate what was being counted. Round-stylus and sharp-stylus writing were gradually replaced around 2700–2500 BC by writing using a wedge-shaped stylus (hence the term cuneiform), at first only for logograms, but developed to include phonetic elements by the 29th century BC. About 2600 BC, cuneiform began to represent syllables of the Sumerian language."
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_numeral_sys...
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_writing#Proto-writi...
The monumental inventions are:
1. writing
2. paper
3. printing press
4. computers
5. internet
because they are ways to store and disseminate knowledge.
This is sometimes called culture.
Not just that. But someone had to invent:
* Pottery (Lets store food, instead of looking for it all the time)
* Writing
* Cities (Hey, lets all settle here and come back here for some reason)
* Law
* Basic tools: Rope, Hammer, Wedge, Knife. Metallurgy.
If we were trapped in a hunter-gatherer society, even with our advanced brains today... it would take a very smart person to invent a city and/or writing. And you'd need the support of the entire hunter-gatherer society to bring you food and resources to fund the inventions.
Cities invent the aristocracy, a group of people who are dedicated to advancement of culture and technology. Agriculture and Pottery provide a way for transportation and storage of resources (food especially), supporting the aristocracy.
At which point, true inventions can begin. You can't invent new tools if you're too busy hunting for food every day of your life.
Even the spear-thrower, followed by the bow and arrow, took a loooooong time to invent.
Even if the bow was invented, creating good fetching and requiring the mass production of fragile arrows makes it a poor weapon in the Dark ages.
You pretty much have to invent mass production + commodities, standardizing the arrowhead before Bows become superior to spear and/or axe throwing. Once "any" arrow can work on "any" bow, you are golden. But this commodity idea is very difficult to come up with.
Shoot an arrow into a deer, and the arrow is ruined. You need to build a new arrow. Throw a javelin or Axe into a deer, and you can use the same Javelin / Axe on the next deer as well.
1. arrows are reusable. I've dabbled in archery.
2. arrows are a distance weapon. You can take out prey or enemy at a distance. Throwing an axe is very short range.
3. throwing an axe means you get one shot. Then you're weaponless.
4. throwing a metal axe is much more effective than a stone axe. I seriously doubt throwing a stone axe is very effective - you'd be better off just throwing a rock.
Romans carried 2 Pilum, a shortsword, and a shield. You had two shots, after which you rushed in with your swords.
Yeah, Longbowmen are obviously superior. But if you have 10,000 Longbowmen with 60 arrows per man, you require a production-capacity of 60,000 arrows per battle. That's a lot of goose feathers, even if you're recycling a significant chunk of arrows.
Note that the modern arrow has fletching for accuracy. Ancient arrows didn't have fletching: no spin, no accuracy.
Before the middle ages, mass production of arrows in this capacity was basically impossible. The British innovation to war wasn't so much the Longbow (there were plenty of archers before the British...), it was the invention of commodity mass produced arrows... which supported the Longbowman as a major unit of warfare.
Even the Roman Legionaries used Pilum (aka: Javelins) as their ranged weapon of choice. Bows existed (see the Sagittarii), but were an auxiliary (and often non-Roman) force.
------------
Slingers (!!) were still used in Roman times. Now a Sling... THAT is an ideal ancient weapon. A trained slinger can kill a Lion or Bear, and you only had to find rocks to throw. Mass production of sling-bullets (really, just a shaped rock) is easy, even with an army marching to a distant location.
Slingers used rocks, clay, and even lead bullets throughout history. They were effectively the longbowmen before the British learned to mass produce arrows.
In fact, the ancient world believed that Slings had greater range and accuracy than bows. Since fletching won't be invented for another 1000+ years, ancient arrows had very limited range and accuracy.
I couldn't find any mention of when spin was added. But I would think it pretty darned hard to align the feathers so precisely that it wouldn't spin anyway. Bird feathers aren't straight, either.
Arrows date back 64,000 years (wikipedia). A long time before the Romans.
Equipping 10,000 soldiers with any sort of kit will be a major undertaking.
Most any bird feathers can be used for arrows. Not just goose.
Difficulty of that kit is the real question.
Slingers would need 20 lead bullets, one of the lowest melting point substances in the world. If lead were unavailable, slingers would make due with stone, or even clay bullets.
In contrast, equipping 20 arrows to 10,000 archers would be an incredibly more complicated undertaking. You need arrowheads, those arrowheads need to fit shafts. Even without fletching, building an arrowhead design that fits different width sticks of wood is an incredibly complicated undertaking. Especially if you only have access to tools from ancient-times.
To accurately launch the arrow, you must consistently make the same arrow (or extremely similar arrows). That's just how it works. Its far easier to make 20x lead bullets (or 20x clay bullets, or 20x stone bullets) that are all consistent... than it is to make 20x arrows that are all consistent.
--------
It was a real innovation to standardize stick sizes, standardize goose feathers, and standardize arrowheads to equip the British Longbowman. There's a reason why that strategy only really took place in the Medieval period, the ancient world didn't have the tools or inventions needed to support mass-archer strategies.
Sorry, not agreeing. Arrows had been regularly made for tens of thousands of years.
Just because the neolithic period started 12-15k years ago doesn't mean somebody woke up one day with a modern brain smart enough to plant things.