Rust is really the first example of "Managing state is pain in the ass--maybe we need to rethink this" There was Ada decades ago. I could also say react... The word that you use: state is too vague to my taste.

> There was Ada decades ago.

Which then morphed into VHDL on hardware. So, fair point.

I really don't understand why Ada never caught on and I don't understand why it isn't getting a renaissance.

> The word that you use: state is too vague to my taste.

I chose "state" explicitly because it encompasses volatile memory, data persistence (file systems and the like), connections between things, etc.

All of these things have a significant cost when you are designing hardware, memory is often flip flops and highly constrained, data persistence requires a LOT of abstraction to use, connections between things cost time, possibly pins (a limited resource) and possibly an interface specification.

Hardware designers suffer real, genuine pain when a new feature needs to appear--can that fit on the chip, will that affect maximum frequency, did the cost just go up, and only then how long will that take to design and debug.

Ada never caught on for several reasons:

The compilers were priced in values totally out of reach for most mortals, which ended up buying Modula-2 or Pascal compilers instead.

On UNIX systems, it meant buying an additional compiler beyond the C one that was already on the box. When UNIX SDKs became commercial, you had to buy two (UNIX SDK + Ada), which was even less appealing.

C++ was still coming into the world, and most compiler vendors though that Ada was impossible to be fully implementable and thus never bothered. Ironically, Ada compilers are much simpler than C++ ones.

Finally nowadays from around 6 surviving compiler vendors, only GNAT is community friendly (in spite of the usual license discussions), the remaining ones keep selling their compilers at enterprise prices (talk first with the sales team way).

So it is hard to get mass adoption this way.

Ada would do better if they adopted a cleaner and more c-like syntax. It's just ugly, and people don't want to write it. But it is awesome!

Ehm, functional languages do too by avoiding state as much as possible. See https://clash-lang.org

Functional languages somewhat avoid shared or implicit state by making you pass everything in and then create something new on the way out.

That's a LOT of state even if it isn't shared. At some point, what went in and what went out needed to get stored by somebody.

Thus leading to the old Perlis adage "LISP programmers know the value of everything and the cost of nothing."

> Functional languages somewhat avoid shared or implicit state by making you pass everything in and then create something new on the way out.

Dataflow, in other words. You pass data through functions, and you know the whole thing works because the functions are composable because they aren't doing anything off to the side. No side-effects means you can think in a pipeline data flows through.

Spreadsheets achieve this quite nicely, and are the only successful visual programming language (pacem Microsoft's use of "Visual" as a marketing term for their decidedly text-based Visual Basic and Visual C++) in addition to being the forgotten programming paradigm, or at least the one most likely to be pointedly ignored.

Some of this might even have relevance for creating FPGAs based on dataflow models.