"Which platforms are going to do the targeting..."

These are called "ISR" (intelligence/surveillance/reconnaissance) platforms and among the forces afloat these could be the E-2C, SH-60B, "other aircraft," and drones.

"How long does it takes for weapons to arrive?"

Is mach 3.5 fast enough for you? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-174_Standard_ERAM