There's p2pool and various proposals to let miners (not pools) produce blocks so that pools would just handle payouts. But once you fix pools you might discover that there are still less than 100 data centers doing the mining which is probably due to geographical electricity costs and economy of scale, neither of which can really be fixed.

Farther afield you have stuff like Chia's proof of empty disk space or of course PoS.

Algos with asic resistance is a recurring theme even outside of cryptocurrency. All modern password hashing optimises for it.

Monero is currently pushing back with randomx which performs well on cpu's and not much else: https://github.com/tevador/RandomX