We either don't exist - demonstrably false - or the universe's start doesn't necessarily abide by cause-and-effect as we humans understand it.
Seems a justified and tidy resolution to the supposed problem you refer to.
If the universe existed forever, you don't need to create a God to create the universe.
There's a lot we know we don't know of the Big Bang.
> The universe being started from nothing violates physical laws.
So does a God. Something has to be violating physical laws as we currently understand them (and we hardly know everything yet...), so adding God doesn't really get you anywhere.
No, that's a "theorem". A "theory" refers to a widely accepted idea, like gravity or evolution.
If something is a theory just because it is widely accepted, then that would make the idea that "lifting our arms is hard due to gravity" a theory, whereas the correct view is merely an idea that experts believe is correct.
Citation please.
There are a lot of theories in science. They vary greatly in how well accepted they are.
As for the source of the Big Bang, there is a wide variety of speculation on that. Including a previous universe collapsing (no coming from "nothing" and a quantum fluctuation. But until we have a theory that combined general relativity with quantum mechanics, we won't have a real idea how reasonable different theories are.