Yes - with Android Pie and above you can add a "Lockdown" option to your Restart/Shutdown menu, see https://android.gadgethacks.com/how-to/quickly-disable-finge...

You can also just restart the phone - at least on mine you can't login for the first time after a restart with a fingerprint.

What I do on my Pixel 2 is use the wrong finger 5 times to force passcode / pattern entry, though I'm not sure if it resets after a certain amount of time or forces the next unlock to be passcode / pattern. Still might be useful in a pinch or if being coerced to unlock the phone under duress.