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Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown?

This is a toss-able account.

I think I'm having a nervous breakdown. I'm a start-up CTO in a small company acting as the free electron ( http://www.randsinrepose.com/archives/2005/03/20/free_electron.html ).

And, i just can't find the motivation or interest anymore to do anything.

I've been told that everyone is replaceable, yet I don't think I am. Nor do I feel this has been a good leadership point of view. I would rather feel irreplaceable and given a fairer shake of the deal rather than have to accept the money holders point of view. I'm very tempted to just say, "well, I am apparently replaceable, so I'll let you try".

I feel like I should work harder to change the culture, but I feel like it just isn't worth the battle any more.

I feel like if I leave, the company will become toxic to engineers and it will be one of those companies that good talent will try to avoid.

I have friends in the company, but I'm just feeling like life is just too fucking short to deal with certain types of people. I want to get my friends out.

I think I should apply to Facebook, Google, and Microsoft. If anything, to get a market valuation of my skill set. But, maybe just get a better job so I can build up a war-chest and be the guy with money.

I've been in the bathtub now for ten hours...

( 40 comments | 41 points | on HN )
Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by mgkimsal on Friday December 03, 2010 @05:50PM (#1967758)
Applying to Google, Facebook and MS to get a market valuation of your skills sort of implies you'd get an offer in the first place, doesn't it?

You are replaceable, but the result for the company after you're replaced may not be what they or you expect (could go either way - good or bad). I've left some places where I felt things were toxic, and others where I thought I was becoming toxic - too cynical, frustrated, etc.

Don't worry about 'getting your friends out'. They have their own lives. You have yours. You can only help others from a position of strength, not weakness. It doesn't sound like you're in a position of strength. That said, once you get in that position, they may not want helping anyway, but that's way in the future.

Get yourself sorted out. I'd take a long hard look to see if there's a way of staying that will work out for everyone, but likely you should be looking for someplace else. There's tens of thousands of companies out there that are not Google, MS and FB where your skills may be just as valued - probably moreso than at those big 3 you mentioned.

The 'culture' is not going to be changed where you are by your own actions. At best they are tolerated. Unless there's visible efforts of people from all levels actively seeking and enabling the changes you're proposing, it ain't gonna happen, and you're likely being viewed as an eccentric at best, or a troublemaker at worst.

Get out of the bath (as someone else said), and take some time for yourself to do some soul searching about what's best for you - ignore the company, ignore your friends - focus on you - no one else is going to.

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by tokenadult on Friday December 03, 2010 @05:35PM (#1967710)
The term "nervous breakdown" is an old-fashioned euphemism for a bout of depression. Treat it so you don't harm yourself. The factual statements you relate may indeed suggest leaving that company, but while your mood is that low, you may miss out on other ways to deal with the same facts--and you just might be misinterpreting or overinterpreting the facts. Talk to a friend to get a reality check on what you are thinking. See a doctor and describe what you have been doing lately. Think again about what to do when you have taken care of yourself. It's good that you are expressing concern for other people--that often helps people dig out of issues like this.
Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by Dove on Friday December 03, 2010 @06:46PM (#1967882)
See a doctor.

I repeat for emphasis: See a doctor. This is treatable.

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by krassif on Friday December 03, 2010 @07:23PM (#1967965)
No doctors! Take time off. Do the thing you like most (windsurfing works perfect in my case). Spend quality time with your girlfriend or find a new girlfriend. Once back on your feet, leave the damn company. If you can affort, start working on the project of yours you thought so many times about. If not, find a company with a culture you like. Screw the doctors and the pharma companies. There are making enough damn money with no help from you anyways!
Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by M1573RMU74710N on Saturday December 04, 2010 @03:21AM (#1968856)
>No doctors!

I'm not sure that's responsible advice. You really want to completely rule out consulting a Dr based on OP's rather brief and casual post?

What a lot of people seem to forget is that you can CALL a Doctor to consult with them. Most Doctors will do this free of charge provided you call during office hours and don't take up too much of their time.

This works better if you have a Doctor already, but some will consult with new patients over the phone.

Just call the office and say you need to ask the Doctor a quick question, and can they call you back when they have a minute.

If one doc fails, try another.

If you're having a real crisis, you should call a hotline or 911.

I'd say overall it sounds like OP just needs to relax a bit (stress is very bad for your health) and get some exercise, but comments like "I can't find the motivation" and "I've been in the bathtub for 10 hours" could be indicative of a more serious condition like depression or say...(to choose randomly) lyme disease* .

We have so little information, it's hard to judge but I don't think it would hurt OP to call their Doctor and get their take on it...they'll prob tell OP to get some sleep, and relax etc...hell maybe they can write a note to get OP out of work for a bit.

If OP does have issues and decides to go the medication route (which I only bring up because you mentioned it, their post doesn't seem to warrant it necessarily, but who knows), they should work with their Doctor to find a suitable drug that is covered by OP's health plan. If they are uninsured the Pharma companies have programs to give you drugs for free (so you rave to your friends about how awesome Astra Zeneca is), or generics are generally affordable especially at places like Walmart.

* I am not an MD, and this is not medical advice

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by lisper on Friday December 03, 2010 @07:40PM (#1967985)
Take time off. If that doesn't work THEN see a doctor. Seriously.
Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by Florin_Andrei on Friday December 03, 2010 @07:58PM (#1968024)
exactly
Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by andreyf on Friday December 03, 2010 @07:52PM (#1968005)
Just one sub-clause: if the doctor prescribes pills, go to a different doctor.
Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by wtracy on Tuesday December 07, 2010 @02:33AM (#1978336)
Probably nobody is following this thread now, but:

Sometimes medication is necessary for treating mental illness. (I'm on medication right now.) A combination of therapy and medication can be very powerful.

Now, I too would be distrustful of anyone who prescribes medication without any accompanying therapy. If your doctor sees medication as a replacement for therapy--get a different doctor.

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by risotto on Friday December 03, 2010 @06:42PM (#1967870)
I have a friend that had a true nervous breakdown recently. He's been out of work for 2 years and was essentially living on the street because he has no money and no family to help. You are doing fine in comparison.

There is almost always no way to repair your feelings at your current gig. This isn't a recent thing you are feeling, its the weight of months or years of exposure to toxic materials.

But look on the bright side, you can collect a paycheck while you find an awesome opportunity to move on. Apply everywhere. Take your time. Get a couple job offers. Quit. Take a month off before you new job.

Don't worry about your friends. They can get out on their own.

I've been through this as an engineer at a toxic startup myself.

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by wtracy on Friday December 03, 2010 @05:45PM (#1967748)
Whether you're a "free electron" or not, why do you think it's your personal responsibility to keep this company afloat?

If the job isn't right for you, then leave.

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by webwright on Friday December 03, 2010 @06:35PM (#1967859)
My first company I felt irreplaceable. I held on two years too long 'till I was pretty much a bastard to everyone around me. I sold my share to the other partners and they did GREAT-- its still growing today.

Trust me, you're replaceable. If you can't find the motivation, take a vacation/sabbatical. If you still can't, leave out of consideration for the people who DO feel it's worth the battle.

Your friends are as employable as you are-- they can fend for themselves.

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by shaunxcode on Friday December 03, 2010 @05:37PM (#1967717)
Get out of the bath. Go for a run. Apply for the other jobs. Look for a startup opportunity where you have equity.
Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by trizk on Friday December 03, 2010 @06:15PM (#1967821)
Man, I feel you, you are not alone. It seems to me that you are a "builder". An entrepreneur with the foresight and technical capacity to make great things. But both your superiors and peers are standing in your way. Turning the beautiful and fulfilling art of creating technology into a political battle and minefield. Leave, now. It is not your company, they don't own you, and you don't owe them anything. Build your war-chest. Only with your own resources will you be free to innovate.
Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by adammichaelc on Friday December 03, 2010 @07:38PM (#1967983)
Without knowing the full-story it's impossible to judge. But to me it doesn't sound like you're having a breakdown -- it just sounds like you're burnt out. I'd take a vacation and clear your head. Go to San Diego and hang out on the beach for a couple weeks, or fill-in-the-blank with whatever you would consider a relaxing couple weeks. Don't think about work, or anything work-related, and just take some time for yourself.
Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by danilocampos on Friday December 03, 2010 @07:36PM (#1967980)
Take a week off.

I swear, take a week off, right now, fuck anyone else whose priorities don't include your well-being. You sound like you're in a pretty dark spot and there's nothing you're going to get done at work in the next week that's more important than sorting out what's up.

Are you near family? Are you near friends who are good enough to be family, but don't work at this job? Get one of them on the phone, tell them what's up, that you need an afternoon of their time to relate your troubles. And unburden yourself.

Hopefully they can give you some good insight, because they know you so well, but it doesn't really matter what they say. This is rubber duck debugging for your life and well-being. You're exhausted and it's dripping through your post. Taking some time to work through what has you so miserable will be crucial to you getting some peace.

If you can afford it, fly or drive somewhere for a couple of days. Turn off your work email if it's delivered to your phone. Get some perspective. It's easy to believe, especially in startup land, that your job is your life. It isn't. It isn't even remotely close. One day when you upload your brain to a digital substrate and instantiate your consciousness in a virtualized environment, you won't even bother remembering this.

None of us can tell you what you should do about your career or your job at the company. But I can tell you, emphatically, that you need some distance from the day-to-day of this job before you can make good decisions for your life. That you care about your friends is admirable, and I respect your passion for getting them out, too. Whoever hires you with the ability to truly see your value is going to be especially lucky. But right now, you can't worry about them. Focus on what you need. Once you're okay, you can work on them.

Others have suggested you see a doctor – I would agree with this advice as well if you feel you're in a downright dangerous spot with regard to your mental health.

edit: Related only through mental state... (cool story, bro alert!)

Around this time last year, my "fuck working for the man, I'm going it alone!" plan had gone pear shaped because I suck at networking and chose a cheap but isolated town as my new home. The plan mostly backfired because it was predicated on my finding some part-time work after moving. Only problem was: 20% unemployment in my new town. Oops.

So, despite making some decent money from iPhone app sales, I wasn't growing my revenues fast enough because of this unexpected hole in my income. Burned through cash that should have lasted a year in about six months.

Miraculously, after six months striking out despite solid credentials and work experience, a place finally got back to me about a part-time position.

At Target.

I love customer service, so the cash register bit was extremely fun for me. Stocking shelves and tidying the store, though, that made me miserable. Tedious and Sisyphean, since it was the holidays and kids would destroy the toy merchandising you'd just spent half an hour on.

I told my management I hated the merch work – and they respected my passion for doing customer service. But I'd be farming the store for another two weeks. That's how the schedule worked.

A week of eight hour shifts like this brought me to the brink. I was miserable. When I wasn't at work, I was constantly dreading my next shift. It was a distraction from my development projects, which ceased to give me joy. I was unkind to the people who care about me. Perhaps immaturely, I was especially ashamed to be making minimum wage for the first time in my life – even in high school I'd done better than this.

So one night my shift starts. I'm an hour in. Yet more merchandising misery. I can't fathom another six hours of this. I'm at my breaking point.

So I smile. I realize that, while I often forget this, I am free.

I push my tub of orphaned merchandise out of anyone's way. I walk to the store's office area and check in my radio, keys and scanner. I find the general manager and explain that I have to leave immediately and I'm not going to come back. She was surprised and confused – she'd complimented my work several times. She explained if I left like this, Target wouldn't ever hire me again.

I was okay with that.

I signed some papers and left. On the one hand – I couldn't believe I was doing this. I'd always been Mr. Responsible. Always gave ample notice. Always the guy you could count on. But in the end I knew that my well-being was more important than being the guy for some retail store in the middle of Oregon.

My troubles, of course, were just beginning. I still needed money. I found gigs teaching people Excel, fixing people's Macs, but eventually the cash all ran out completely. But by then I'd found work in the Bay Area, I relocated, and all was well.

</cool_story_bro>

So in the end, if you're truly miserable, re-assert your control over your own life. It sounds that, like me, you've lost track of the fact that you're running the show. I can only speak for myself but the jolt of energy I got from doing what was good for me was incredible.

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by anthonycerra on Friday December 03, 2010 @06:09PM (#1967804)
You're putting a lot of unnecessary pressure on yourself. You are not responsible for the culture except for how you contribute to it. You are not responsible for future engineers. You are not responsible for your friends' decisions. You need to do what makes you happy. It really is that simple.

Get out of the tub, call a friend, go out and have some fun!

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by pdelgallego on Friday December 03, 2010 @05:53PM (#1967766)
Get out of the tub, grab something good and healthy to eat, take a run. Talk to your significant other or closer friend After that just set an appointment with psychologist.

And yes, life is to short and valuable to spend it doing something that you don't give a damn. So if you don't like it don't do it.

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by joelmichael on Friday December 03, 2010 @09:15PM (#1968220)
By all means, have a nervous breakdown. Argue your case with passion even though you know it is futile, just so you can say you tried. Engage in the necessary structural destruction of your life required to transcend into the next chapter; either that, or be trapped forever. You clearly aren't satisfied, and you will never regret being true to yourself.
Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by epc on Friday December 03, 2010 @06:52PM (#1967899)
I destroyed my career in response to a combination of overwhelming burnout and probable depression. My advice is to take some time off, seek a therapist or psychiatrist, and only after that contemplate leaving your company.

Your responsibility is to yourself and your family, not your company, not your boss, neither coworkers nor employees.

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by jschuur on Monday December 06, 2010 @06:29AM (#1974833)
I always respond to these things too late, but I'll say just two things.

1) What are the chances that out of everything you could do with your life, you are currently doing the only thing that is fun/fulfilling/enriching/the right thing etc? Don't fear change. The same skills, curiosity and drive that got you this far can do it again, possibly faster and better the next time around.

2) It's great that you feel responsible for your engineers, but your first and foremost responsible is towards yourself. If you've tried your best to create the kind of team/culture/department you wanted too and it wasn't possible, try again somewhere else before it nags away at you. I assume everyone that works there is an adult, and they can make their own decisions about where they want to work too.

And one more thing: Don't try and be the guy with the money, be the guy smart enough to know how to make the money.

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by jaekwon on Friday December 03, 2010 @06:41PM (#1967868)
Don't undersell yourself.

Do yourself and your friends a favor and get paid what you're worth, whether that means more equity and/or more responsibility. If you're worried about the fallout from your friends, as if your friends would shun you for pursuing your worth, check your premises.

What's this bull about everyone being replaceable? That sounds like something your "money holder" would say to try to keep your equity stake low. I left my last company because I didn't feel that I was being paid fairly in equity. It's an unfair and unfortunate situation to be in, but it's really your responsibility to shape up and demand what you deserve.

Good engineers make themselves replaceable by writing legible code. This sort of 'replaceability' is invaluable, and should lead to higher equity if anything.

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by tzm on Saturday December 04, 2010 @02:46AM (#1968820)
Your situation sounds very familiar. I was once a startup CTO to a vc-backed company with very successful founders.

Although I was a major shareholder, it was pretty clear that everyone was replaceable at any given time.

In the end I resigned simply because the work environment was not compatible. It was affecting my health and being a "free electron" didn't earn any points (except during fundraising rounds).

My suggestion is to take a break and reflect on your experience so far. Try to pinpoint the type of people you want to work with, what your personal boundaries are and what environmental elements can make you happy.

Keep in mind, value exchange will define your position.

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by Dylanlacey on Sunday December 05, 2010 @10:48PM (#1973799)
OK, so.

1. If you are the only thing stopping them becoming toxic to engineers, they will eventually, regardless of how hard you fight. 2. You have an obligation to yourself to keep yourself healthy, not this company. 3. THEY DON'T DESERVE YOU.

I can't emphasize the last point enough. If you are the ONLY thing stopping them from self-destructing, they deserve to self-destruct. Your preventing them from turning toxic doesn't change the fact that they are predisposed to toxicity. They're crappy company and they deserve what they get.

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by csomar on Friday December 03, 2010 @08:28PM (#1968104)
I don't really have quite knowledge to give you advices and suggestions, however, having a close family member (I was close to the scene) that has had a nervous break down (at 19 or 20, I think), I would say "Be careful, it's not that easy that it sounds".

His state complicated and needed around 15 days stay at the hospital; It also took him around 1.5 year to return to his old mental state. However, the time and also the quantity of Medicines that he did took are still affecting his life deeply.

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by mcantor on Friday December 03, 2010 @10:39PM (#1968400)
> I feel like if I leave, the company will become toxic to engineers and it will be one of those companies that good talent will try to avoid.

That's the company's problem, not yours.

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by huherto on Friday December 03, 2010 @07:05PM (#1967927)
I feel your pain. I went thru the same and stayed longer than I should have. Things turned out better for me but I payed a high price since I am still in/out of depression and it is affecting my performance.

My recommendation is to be confident that one way or another you will find a better place. Be calm, but do not stay longer than you should have.

...and yes some people are assholes and they can bring down whole companies. Don't carry that on your shoulders.

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by dholowiski on Sunday December 05, 2010 @11:11AM (#1971851)
A wise man once said "you've got to know when to hold em, know when to fold em, know when to walk away and know when to run". Don't waste your life over a company, they'll go on without you or they won't. I've left several places where I thought I was irreplaceable and was even told I was irreplaceable, but somehow the went on without me. The cold hard fact is that everybody is replaceable.

GTFO

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by rshigeta on Friday December 03, 2010 @06:55PM (#1967908)
You might also be experiencing the onset of chronic fatigue from stress. its not always medically recognized. If not treated soon, it could become a more permanent condition. if you lose your health you really aren't going to do so well for the company any way. I don't know if you should stay on, but taking care of your health has got to be a top priority.
Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by puls on Friday December 03, 2010 @06:51PM (#1967892)
Find your happy place, wherever that may be. Stay there for a while.

Both for your own sanity and for the sake of getting some perspective on the whole matter. It's easy to say "take a step back and look at everything"; it's a lot harder to actually take that step.

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by zemanel on Friday December 03, 2010 @08:02PM (#1968033)
getting out/taking a week off may help injecting some mental power it's like trying to run away from problems, they are still there when you come back. One think you should avoid is being alone and/or trying to bear what you're going through alone. If the root cause is related to your company and if you have friends there, then you should open up with them and solve it together. If you and your friends want to get out of that company, why don't you try to build something together?
Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by wrburgess on Friday December 03, 2010 @06:09PM (#1967803)
As tokenadult said, this is probably depression. Have it treated by a psychiatrist and realize it's likely a chemical imbalance.
Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by gruseom on Friday December 03, 2010 @08:21PM (#1968084)
Actually, the chemical imbalance theory is largely a fairy tale that persists because (a) pharmaceutical companies want it to and (b) patients want pat explanations from their doctors. A few months ago there was an interview with a psychiatrist (I think on Fresh Air) who said that honesty would compel him to say, "Take this drug, there's some evidence that it may help you but we have no idea why," but patients won't stand for it.

It's pretty interesting that an idea that dominates popular consciousness so completely right now (depression is a chemical imbalance, take a pill) has such a flimsy basis.

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by hga on Saturday December 04, 2010 @03:08PM (#1969995)
Indeed, the "chemical imbalance" theory is only that (and doesn't actually explain much, anyway), really isn't directly supported by evidence and is more likely representative of our need for "explanations".

That said, we have empirically observed that if you poke the brain in a certain area with a stick, it will help the depression of many people. We're even on our 3rd generation of sticks (MAOI -> tricycilics -> SSRIs etc.)

From the viewpoint of someone needing relief or the doctor who's trying to help, when e.g. its been found that cognitive-behavior therapy isn't enough (that's something to always try) or something needs to be done before it can be tried, why they work hardly matters given that we have enough experience with the side effects to know they seem to be a good trade-off for the therapeutic effect.

How long was it before we understood how aspirin works?

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by gruseom on Saturday December 04, 2010 @03:35PM (#1970048)
But the studies show that for the vast majority of people (that is, everyone except the extremely depressed) antidepressants perform no better than placebo. Doesn't that astonishing fact change things a little?

The only reason we believe otherwise is that for many years positive findings were cherry-picked for publication while negative ones were suppressed. It took a Freedom of Information Act request and years of litigation to get access to the full spectrum of studies, and when they were finally surveyed, the statistical impact was negligible. (Except, as mentioned, for the small portion of the patient base who meet the criteria for severe depression. I don't remember the number.)

Far be it from me to condemn anything that truly helps people, but there is a lot of spin on this topic. Profit motive plus cultural bias is a hell of a double whammy.

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by FluidDjango on Friday December 03, 2010 @06:52PM (#1967896)
A chemical imbalance may be involved.

But better biochemistry doesn't necessarily produce better living/feeling.

Depressed emotional/behavior state < -- > biochemistry. [can spiral upward or downward together]

A psychologist/ licensed counselor / psychotherapist [ i.e., "talk therapy ] can be really important to help your cognitive processes, keep you on track with reality checks. "Meds" are not magic bullets, do not kick in immediately, and it may take several tries to find one that helps you. Meanwhile, if you don't have sufficiently supportive/sophisticated social network around you, it's important to pay for an experienced professional. Been there. Best of luck.

Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by greenyoda on Friday December 03, 2010 @07:20PM (#1967958)
This sounds like burn-out to me, not a nervous breakdown.
Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by lisper on Friday December 03, 2010 @07:41PM (#1967987)
Aren't those the same thing?
Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by blender on Friday December 03, 2010 @06:41PM (#1967867)
Just get out of there - it's not worth it.
Re:Ask HN: What happens if I have a nervous breakdown? by binaryfinery on Friday December 03, 2010 @08:50PM (#1968158)
Been there too mate, though I dealt with it in different ways at different times. In the first few cases I felt obligated to stay - I'd given my word, right? But the bullshit just meant that I just ended up contributing to the toxic environment by being an asshole out of resentment. I began to wonder if it was just me. Others certainly insisted it was. About six years ago I got a therapist and a psychiatrist. Best thing I've ever done. It was clear after talking to a professional that the situation was toxic. I got myself onto a smaller team within that company with some awesome people and really enjoyed myself. Unfortunately the toxicity remained, our lead quit, and we instructed to do what our lead would not. I'm quite proud that our team said "no", and said that the plan we already had was the right one. We were all let go. Ok, that was the best thing I've ever done.

My advice, then, if you are up for it, is to imagine what would light you up at this company. What would get you excited about it again? Figure that out, and do it. If you really are that good, then have faith in yourself. Give yourself a shot. Give your partners a shot. And if it doesnt work, quit. Unless this company is curing cancer its just not that important.

PS What amazes me about toxic environments is not the number of toxic assholes (actually quite small), but that most everyone else chooses to be enablers for these people.

PPS I did go on meds, but as another poster says here, it can take a while to find the right one - one can make you wired, another lethargic. The best thing to do is exercise and eat right; but the meds can help you get started (IMHO).