FYI, the term "U.S. persons" == U.S. citizens and permanent residents.

The only rights that permanent residents don't have are: a) the right to vote, b) the right to have their permanent residency not revoked for cause (e.g., committing a serious crime). Permanent residents get to become citizens after some time.

Non-permanent residents have fewer rights, and which rights they don't have is generally a matter of law, not Constitution, except that they have all the rights of Due Process guaranteed by the Constitution (i.e., by far the most important ones for them to have), at least as to criminal prosecutions, and often as to civil suits. A typical example would be the right to keep and bear arms, which non-residents generally do not have in most States. I suppose even First Amendment rights might be curtailed for non-residents, though I suspect at most only freedom of association would be, and only indirectly.

But most of the Bill of Rights (the 4th through the 8th Amendments) deals in Due Process, and these rights are available to all persons in the U.S., except perhaps as to immigrant law itself (e.g., a non-resident alien may have much less recourse to fight deportation than they and anyone else might have to fight a conviction).

For example: the right to vote, the right to run for elected office, the right to enter US territory and remain there indefinitely.

I meant beyond the obvious right to vote and be in the country etc.

Well, I'm not sure what you consider obvious or not, but those are the most important ones.

From Wikipedia, some other examples are the right to be considered for federal employment (most Federal Government jobs being closed to non-citizens), access to US consular officials if arrested abroad, and exemption from certain real estate taxes[1].

[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Investment_in_Real_Pro...

I guess when I talked about rights I was really thinking about protections from the government rather than about liberties or privileges like serving in or voting for the government -- like the one against excessive fines that was mentioned.

Right to vote(though this can be stripped from felon citizens), right to peaceable assembly, right to bear arms.

The Constitution distinguishes natural rights of all persons vs rights and privileges of "the people" being citizens and non-citizen legal residents.

> The Constitution distinguishes natural rights of all persons vs rights and privileges of "the people" being citizens and non-citizen legal residents.

AFAICT, the Federal courts have not generally adopted this view (though it is popular in some circles, particularly the US Department of Justice); ruling less specifically that the term “the people” instead “refers to a class of persons who are part of a national community or who have otherwise developed sufficient connection with this country to be considered part of that community.” United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez, 494 U.S. 259, 265 (1990).