I can really only speak from my personal experience here. I learned Clojure on my own time in college, and it took some time for me to understand how to deal with things like immutability, laziness, and pure functions. After I did finally 'get' it, I was unable to convince any of my classmates that the initial effort was worth it. I love the language and its opinions, but JavaScript (another language I learned on my own time) was probably 10x easier.

"I learned Clojure on my own time in college, and it took some time for me to understand how to deal with things like immutability, laziness, and pure functions."

I suspect much of that time was spent "unlearning" habits from procedural languages.

I know Carnegie Mellon now teaches functional programming as the introductory course, and only introduces advanced topics like "mutability" later. I think that sequence makes it easier for beginners to reason about what their program is going to do and experience less frustration.

One thing that makes Clojure hard for beginners is the tooling.

For example, consider how a beginner can write Ruby and Python in notepad.exe while a lisp would be insufferable (and a common, awful first experience for that reason). Also, some of its best features, like cider/nrepl and Paredit, are hidden behind yet more tooling and keyboard shortcuts.

It's certainly a filter.

>>It's certainly a filter.

Absence of that filter is the reason almost all of the programming crowd today is locked into advanced beginner mode all life.

Is there one single beginner that starts their programming journey with notepad.exe? I've never seen a single one, and I see hundreds of them each year.

Notepad++? Textmate? Look at the first paragraph of the first chapter of Chris Pine’s Learn to Program.

Now that you've gotten everything setup, let's write a program! Open up your favorite text editor and type in the following:

puts 1+2 Save your program (yes, that's a program!) as calc.rb (the .rb is what we usually put at the end of programs written in Ruby). Now run your program by typing ruby calc.rb into your command line. It should have put a 3 on your screen. See, programming isn't so hard, now is it?

Why not just start at the REPL or with a Notebook? Having an interactive environment seems like it would be easier to learn the language. Then they can move to a code editor when they're ready for writing more complex programs.

It's this sort of thing that probably drives the likes of Alan Kay crazy when even learning a language isn't interactive by default.

I agree, but there is also something conceptually useful in learning early that a program is code saved in a text container that is then either compiled or interpreted.

The clojure equivalent isn't much worse:

   (println (+ 1 2))

Then

    clojure calc.clj

There’s mine? I used Notepad to create my first Windows .bat file (in fact, it was rather a juvenile piece of malware that opened notepad.exe thousands of times), which was the first programming I ever did. I later went on to use Notepad to modify files for a desktop game and write my first PHP and Ruby scripts. Now I write software professionally (including, but not limited to, Clojure) using a Mac :)

I did!

I used notepad when I first started learning PHP.